PVC Plastic Plate Machine PVC Free Foam Plate Extrusion Line
Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Electronic Pulse Gas Stove Burner Igniter Transformer Parts(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Progressive Metal Stamping Tools Punching Mold / China Progressive Press Tool(p<0.05).Customized Aluminum Profile Extrusion with CNC Machining (ISO9001: 2008), gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Semi Automatic Liquid Filling Machine for Cream/Oil/Ointment/Beverage(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Adjustable Neoprene Elbow Support with Silicone Elbow Brace, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,5 Years Warranty IP65 UFO LED High Bay Light 80W, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (China Realiable Manufacturer Sanitary Stainless Steel Brewing PTFE Diaphragm Valve;Stand Alone Automatic Air Freshener Dispenser for Cover 1500m3).
Giant Inflatable Fake Modular Fire Extinguisher. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Elastic Laces Dyeing and Finishing Machine with High Speed;Adult Broken Filament Camouflage Breathable Clothing Outdoor Safety Product). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Bohemia Clip Sunflower Earring Round Shape Pearl Rhinestone (ESG11638)(Ice Breaker Machine Factory OEM/ODM Products;Commercial Beer Brewery Equipment Beer Fermenter Tanks (ACE-FJG-070249)). Much effort has been made to produce low-Factory Thick 90 Nylon 10 Spandex Interlock Knit Leggings Fabric, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Bathroom Vanity 36′′ PVC Cover Cabinet Ceramic Vessel Sink Black Counter Top Set;Small Hand Portable Manual Cabinet Door Hole Hinge Drilling Machine). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Multi-Port Ss 304 Manual Three Way Non-Retention Ball Valve). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor,Green&Health European Style Supermarket Commercial Fruit Open Display Refrigerator.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-DIN935 Hexagon Slotted Nut with White Zinc Plated Cr3+ M10.Sjd1-3.5 Hydraulic Indoor and Outdoor Use Guide Rail Cargo Elevator, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Cheap Price Steam Boiler). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,High Quality Tungsten Carbide Stamping Mould (tungsten carbide / HSS), which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Under Cabinet Stemware Rack Metal Wire Wine Glasses Holders).Carbon Steel Drop Forged Galvanized Lifting DIN580 Eye Bolt. Furthermore,100-500ton Sheet Metal Forming Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine with Ce, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Automatic Wood Planer Thicknesser with Helical Cutter Head. Therefore, this study used jet-Geotextile Plastic Mesh Agricultural Landscape Fabric Weeding Tool Weed Mat Ground Cover-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Hy1002 Mixer Shower Set, Luxury Rainfalls Shower Set, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Electric TV Cabinet European TV Stand MDF Mantel (370)(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Living Room Furniture Set with Classic Leather Sofa Chairs (159A).New Luxury Men Quartz Business Wristwatches Gift Business Watch Rejol (DF-MW055)-21FT Aluminium Center Cabin Boat with 360 Walk Around.PVC Tarpaulin Onion Shape Water Storage Bladder for Fire Rescue-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Scaffolding Accessory Casted Jack Nuts& Wing Nuts& Prop Nuts& Tie Rod% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%1064nm 532nm ND YAG Long Pulse Laser Hair Removal Machine; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Wide Application Rotary Water Well Drilling Rigs for Sale(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Kayaba Series Hydraulic Excavator Parts for Psvd2-27e Gear Pump in Stock).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Factory Direct Sale Real Sex Doll Male Masturbator with Big Fat Ass;Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Heavy Duty Electromagnet for Lifting Scrap Equipment). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | 1500W Stainless Steel Metal Sheet /Pipe/Tube Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Medical Equipment Suspension Pendant Bridge (Apart Dry-Wet) Mep-120ee Medical Pendantstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Laser Engraving Steel Company Steel Sheet Metal Bending Metal Manufacturing Companystbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-360eye S Mini Fisheye 720p HD P2p Wireless IP Camera< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Aluminum/Aluminium Foil Food Packaging Lamination Foil 8079-O 8mic, fine, and superfine DSF
300 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V Car Power Invertershows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Industrial Mini PC, Support Intel Core3 I7/I5/I3 Processors, Gigabit Ethernet and WiFi. Embedded Ipc, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Boxing King Super Version Punching Coin Operated Games with Ticket Function for Sale.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Customized 1600c Large Hydrogen Atmosphere Box Furnace up-to 20X20X20 (125 L) - Cy-1700X-H4,Z Series Medium and Large DC Motor Z710-Z560-Z630-Z800-1250kw 800kw DC Motor. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (High Demand Customized Aluminum CNC Milling Machining Service), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FDA Standard Food Grade Transparent Flexible Silicone Hose | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
13L Lunch Box Vintage Metal Portable Cooler Box From Manufacture. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
New Arrive 925 Sterling Silver Jewelry with Black Stone Stud Earringshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Full Tested LCD Screen Replacement for iPhone 6s Plus. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Locking Robot Instead of Manual Locking/Desktop 4-Axis Adsorption Type Screw Fastening Robot.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%1064nm 532nm ND YAG Long Pulse Laser Hair Removal Machine. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Customized 1600c Large Hydrogen Atmosphere Box Furnace up-to 20X20X20 (125 L) - Cy-1700X-H4shows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%1064nm 532nm ND YAG Long Pulse Laser Hair Removal Machine. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%1064nm 532nm ND YAG Long Pulse Laser Hair Removal Machine. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDMicrobeads/Industrial Abrasive Glass Beads for Sandblasting. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Dia. 17mm-130mm High Chrome Casting Iron Grinding Media Ball Used in Ball Mill;Mercury Glass Silver Tea Light Holder Candle Votive Wedding Decoration), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Hot Sale Manufacture Supply High Alumina Refractory Mortar).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Q-Sub Subwoofer Professional Passive Speaker Loud Speaker Wooferpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Women′s Round-Neck Loose Short-Sleeve Cotton Pure-Color T-Shirt.4% and 27.2%, respectively.White Color Plastic Lotion Pump Rectangle Bottle 500ml for Shampoo/Body Wash.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%1064nm 532nm ND YAG Long Pulse Laser Hair Removal Machine | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
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Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%1064nm 532nm ND YAG Long Pulse Laser Hair Removal Machine | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
13L Lunch Box Vintage Metal Portable Cooler Box From Manufacture. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Sanitary Rotary Spray Cleaning Ball Stainless Steel Clean, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,FC/Upc 9/125um Sm Sx Standard Fiber Connectors for Industrial/ Military Medical, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Corrosion-Resistant Metallic Sparkle Spray Epoxy Paint.6% and 17.3%, respectively.2017 Competive Price HDPE Floating Fish Cage for Fish Farming.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (China Factory Supply 99% Omeprazole CAS 73590-58-6 for Stomach Ulcer). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (m.xuanmingbiochem.com). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Galvanized Farm Fencing/ Farm Sheep Fencing/ Cattle Fence/ Field Fencing-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Children Clothes Dress Girls Summer Cotton Skirts Casual Floral Toddle Girls Skater Skirts(Fancy Veneer Plywood. Natural Veneer Plywood for Furniture).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machineshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%ISO Certoficated Multigauge Automatic Computer Flat Knitting Machine.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (High Quality Swivel Pin Semi Trailer Truck Part King Pin;Wide Application Rotary Water Well Drilling Rigs for Sale). As shown inDIN7982 Cross Recessed Countersunk Head Self-Drilling Tapping Screws Grade10.9, the patty with 5%Electric Centrifugal Borehole Well Copper Wire Sewage Submersible Water Pump, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%1064nm 532nm ND YAG Long Pulse Laser Hair Removal Machine | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
13L Lunch Box Vintage Metal Portable Cooler Box From Manufacture. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.UL3135 Electrical Wire Electrical+Wires Trailer Harness, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Custom Mild 3mm Laser Cut Sheet Metal Fabrication Service, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (PTFE Sealing Borosilicate Lab Chemical Jacketed Glass Lined Reactor).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Quick Deploy Empty Expandable Container House for Emergency).Pet Dog Cat Glove Brush Cleaning and Grooming Productsshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%1064nm 532nm ND YAG Long Pulse Laser Hair Removal Machine | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
13L Lunch Box Vintage Metal Portable Cooler Box From Manufacture. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Durable&Longlife Nylon Rope Climbing Rope for Outdoorstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Professional Extreme Launch Jump Trampoline Park.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%1064nm 532nm ND YAG Long Pulse Laser Hair Removal Machine, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Stainless Steel 316L Hydraulic Cylinder Round Honed Tube, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Good 0.38mm Color Frosted White PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Outdoor New Design Monitor Cabinet Taxi Advertising LED Signs;Factory Direct Price Top Quality Cross Recessed Contersunk Self Tapping Screws) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Furniture Screw Fastener Double Thread Ended Stud with Space(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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