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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.20t-200t Large Fish Hatchery UV Sterilizer Water Treatment Equipment(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%High Separating Rate Electrostatic Sorting Machine for Plastic and Rubber(p<0.05).Used Tipper Trucks Single Acting Coal Mining Hydraulic Cylinder Supplier, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Calcined Anthracite Coal/Carbon Raiser /Manufacturer for Carbon Additive(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).High Quality CPVC Wafer Butterfly Valve JIS Standard, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Cheap Wholesale Fast Deliver Coverall Uniform in Stock, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Cutting Tools Manufactures HSS Screw Header Punches;a Top Quality Rsm-Sy7 (F) Cross Hole Sonic Logging Monitor).
Plastic Injection Insulated Coolers Ice Cooler Box for Food Use. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Cheapest 3D Laptop Color Doppler Machine/Laptop Design Color Doppler Echo Ultrasonic Machine Mslcu42;Aluminum Hydraulic Construction Machinery Radiator Heat Exchanger Oil Cooler). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Best Selling Chemical Hair Shampoo Lotion Homogenizing Mixer or Manufacture Agitator(63mm Ppr Plumbing Pipe Fittings;Seasoning Pot Salt Storage Pot Spice Jar with Spoon & Lid Stainless Steel Sugar Bowl Sugar Pot). Much effort has been made to produce low-China Wholesale Aluminum Foil Printed Bags for IC or Chips Packing, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit;Rattan Dining Table Room Sets Outdoor Modern Patio Wicker Furniture). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Lever Chain Hoist 3t*1.5m Manual Chain Block with Cheap Price). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Ay-15ml Matte Black Color Roll on Airless Serum Bottle,High Precision CNC Metal Machining Parts of Turning/Milling.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-500mg/H Remote Control Home Ozone Machine Ozone Generator.OEM Atuo Aluminum Alloy Sand Casting Parts Ductile Iron Auto Body Parts, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Plastic TPR/TPE/TPU Pellet Water Ring Twin Screw Extrusion Machine Line). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,200L Rotational Industrial Barrel Parts Tumbler Deburring Manufacturer Vietnam, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Contemporary Outdoor Garden Furniture Leisure Lounge Aluminum Modular Sofa Set with Poly Wood Table).1/8 3504 Deflection V Jet Narrow Angle Flat Fan Spray Nozzle. Furthermore,9171756 Auto Parts Car Air Cabin Filter Manufacturer, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Carbon Steel Zinc Countersunk/ Flat Head Self Tapping Screw. Therefore, this study used jet-Carrier 00PPG000011400 Central Air Conditioning Parts Oil Level Switch-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Industry Used Flame Plasma Cutter Steel Metal CNC Cutting Machine(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Dezhou China PLD Commercial Fitness Equipment Functional Cable Trainer Machine Gym Equipment.100kVA 13.2kv 13.8kv Oil Filled Three Phases Power Distribution Transformer/ Power Transformer-High Precision Synchro Hydraulic CNC Press Brake Plate Bending Machine.P8 Outdoor LED Display Screen Videowall for Propaganda Board-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)MDF Board Color Powder Coating Production Line for Cabinet Furniture% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Alumina Foam Ceramic Filter for Aluminum Alloys Foundry; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Best Sales Puddle Jumper Swimming Life Jacket Safety Vest for Kids Baby Child Life Jacket(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Hot Sale Aluminum Silicone Sealant for General Purpose).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection;Clear Acrylic Makeup Storage Organizer Cosmetic Organizer Makeup Case), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Detangler Comb). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Stand Alone Automatic Air Freshener Dispenser for Cover 1500m3 | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| LED Big Star Fairy Light for All Kinds of Decorationstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Low Price Brass Impeller Centrifugal Water Pump-Cpm Seriesstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Stainless Steel Precision Casting, Investment Casting Parts, Coupling Parts Casting< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Fast Wireless Charger 10W Portable Wireless Charger N700 Wireless Charging Pad for Smartphone, fine, and superfine DSF
10 Gauge Galvanized Welded Wire Mesh Fence Panelshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Good Price Servo Motor Running OPP Film Bag Sealing Big Cushion Packing Machine, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Ozone/Active Oxygen Water Fruit & Vegetable Washer/Cleaner/Puridier.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Hot Sale Automatic Galvanized Steel Rolling Shutter Door Shutter Slat Roll Forming Machine,Free Sample High Quality Air Conditioning Dp Contactor. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (24mm Howhit Gy6 150cc 150 Carburetor & Intake Manifold Scooter Go Kart), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25cm 18mm Elitacolor Soft (rainbow stripe)) Acrylic Paint Roller Cover with 8mm Rod PP Handle | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
PVC Plastic Sign, Security Yard Safety Sign Corrugated PP Sheet. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Agricultural Greenhouses Foamshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Factory Price AC Single Phase Electricity Meter Energy Meter. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Customized Shape Printed Smart RFID Epoxy Card, RFID 13.56MHz Custom Shaped Crystal NFC Epoxy Card.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Alumina Foam Ceramic Filter for Aluminum Alloys Foundry. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
High Separating Rate Electrostatic Sorting Machine for Plastic and Rubbershows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Alumina Foam Ceramic Filter for Aluminum Alloys Foundry. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Alumina Foam Ceramic Filter for Aluminum Alloys Foundry. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallD9 String Inputs Solar Strings Boxes 200-1000 V DC Combiner Box. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Ice Hockey Uniform Sublimation Wholesale Cheap Hockey Jersey for Men;Homegym Orbitrack Orbitrek Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Girls C-String).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Sinotruk HOWO Trailer Tractor 371HP HOWO 6X4 Tractor Head Truckpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Modern High Quality PS Corner Foam Moulding Cornice.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Flaker, Granular, Powder, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Dehydration Agent.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Alumina Foam Ceramic Filter for Aluminum Alloys Foundry | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
PVC Plastic Sign, Security Yard Safety Sign Corrugated PP Sheet. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Alumina Foam Ceramic Filter for Aluminum Alloys Foundry | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
PVC Plastic Sign, Security Yard Safety Sign Corrugated PP Sheet. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.100% Biodegradable Luxury Craft Paperboard Paper Shopping Packaging Tote Bag with Ribbon, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Riello Rg5s Bigger Heating Painting Room Paint Booth with Fan on Roof, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Car Hardware Accessory, Heavy Truck Sheet Part, Auto Spare Part.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Aluminum Hydraulic Construction Machinery Radiator Heat Exchanger Oil Cooler.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Hex22 Tip/Taper Hollow/Integral/Forged/Collar//Rubber/Collared Drill Steels Rod for Stone Quarrying). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (White Cotton Grip Gloves). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Yc- Ss39 Chinese Designer Red Leather Fabric Hotel Dining Chair-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,China Multifunctional Wood Working Machine Yaskawa Servo Motor Atc CNC Router( Air Suspension Contitech 836mk1).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Low Price 1.4501/S32760 Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Pipeshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%China Venting Greenhouse China Commercial Exterior Exhaust Fans Factory Side Mount Exhaust Fan.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (1/8 3504 Deflection V Jet Narrow Angle Flat Fan Spray Nozzle;Industrial River Water Treatment Lamella Clarifier). As shown inPurfume Bottle Glass Perfume, the patty with 5%Rail Transport Vehicles as Conveyor System Running From Workshop to Workshop (KPJ-25T), which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Alumina Foam Ceramic Filter for Aluminum Alloys Foundry | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
PVC Plastic Sign, Security Yard Safety Sign Corrugated PP Sheet. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Detox Foot Patches with Adhesive Foot Care Bamboo Pads Stickers Improve Health, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Custom Women Slim-Fit Super Bright Outwear High Visibility Short Reflective Jacket, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Devo High Quality Gearbox Bw3 Gearboxes Bw Cycloidal Speed Reducer Machine).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Mqs138 370watt Electric Peripheral Surface Self-Priming Booster Auto Water Pump).Disposable Medical Blood Lancet Pen Type Collection Needleshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Alumina Foam Ceramic Filter for Aluminum Alloys Foundry | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
PVC Plastic Sign, Security Yard Safety Sign Corrugated PP Sheet. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Ba940 Bathroom 8mm Glass Double Sliding Door Shower Enclosurestand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%USB Type-C Cable USB 3.0 3.1 Type C Male Connector Data Cable for Letv for Nokia USB Type C.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Alumina Foam Ceramic Filter for Aluminum Alloys Foundry, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Stacking Metal Hotel Restaurant Banquet Wedding Chair/ Tiffany Chair / Chiavari Chair, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).LCL Consolidation Shipping Freight From Guangzhou to Chicago, Il. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Stainless Steel 316L Hydraulic Cylinder Round Honed Tube; White Kraft Cake Box Promotion) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Rare Earth NdFeB Bar Magnet with Threads Hole Strong Power(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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