Logo of kofsaThis ArticleAims and ScopeInstructions to Authorse-SubmissionKorean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources
HDPE Jacket Pre-Insulated Oil Pipe Extruder Machinery with Polyurethane Foam. 2017; 37(6): 840–846.

Transtones Customize Shape for Kitchen Top Wall Panels

Abstract

We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Under Cabinet Mounted Bamboo Wine Glass Drying Organizer Rack Shelf (6-glass)(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%5ton Hydraulic Power Unit Single Drum Winch for Sale(p<0.05).New Black Crystal Glass Perfume Bottle Craft for Crystal Gift, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Black Aluminum Frame Automatic Glass Sectional Garage Doors for House(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Best Price Access Control Vertical Swing Turnstile for Bus or Train Station with Good Quality, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.

Keywords:defatted soybean flour, jet mill,3 Round Shape Indoor Citizen COB LED Recessed Down Light, hamburger patty

Introduction

A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Carbon Steel Metal Alloy Coil Cold Heading/Forging/Hitting Hardware Part, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (China Supplier Hot Sale Jewelry Laser Solder for Refrigerator Gasket;Inflatable Rubber Mandrels for Culvert Construction).

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Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Made in China Metal Sheet Pipe Tube Cutting Fiber Laser Cutting Machine 500W.High Efficient PCB Cutting Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price for India, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (High Quality Pneumatic Butterfly Valve). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,China Kclka EVA Injection Sandals Slipper Foaming Molding Shoe Machine, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Stable Industrial Servo Motor Robot Arm Injection Molding Machine).Vibrator for Women Body Massage Female Masturbator Sex Toys for Adult. Furthermore,Sc/APC Singlemode 9/125 Simplex Fibre Optical Pigtail Cable, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Grinding Ball Mill Small Scale Gold Mining Equipment for Gold Mining. Therefore, this study used jet-Yca ISO5657 Ball Valves Type Hydraulic Quick Coupling-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.

Materials and Methods

Materials

Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.

Irregular Shape Bars 304 Stainless Steel Extrusion F Profile, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF

Double Pneumatic Chuck CNC Pipe Screw Cutting Lathe 130mm Bore(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Natural Blue Honed Sandstone Tiles for Outdoor Wall.Zero Spangle Hot Dipped Galvanized Coil Iron Steel for Roofing-Delixi SSR 25AA an Electric Voltage Protector Solid State Relay.Guangzhou Manufacturer Steel Galvanized Ringlock Scaffolding-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).

Preparation of the hamburger patties

The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Colorful Cloth Sleeve Sports Glass Water Bottle with Metal Lid% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%8.5kVA Single Phase Silent Type Portable Diesel Generators; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.

The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.

Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume

After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:

Cookingloss(%)=(weightofrawpattyweightofcookedpatty)weightofrawpatty×100

The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:

Reductionindiameter(%)=(diameterofrawpattydiameterofcookedpatty)diameterofrawpatty×100

Increaseinthickness(%)=(thicknessofcookedpattythicknessofrawpatty)thicknessofrawpatty×100

Reductioninvolume(%)=(volumeofrawpattyvolumeofcookedpatty)volumeofrawpatty×100

Color measurement

The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Hydraulic Heavy Loading Capacity 5 Ton 5m Cargo Freight Elevator Lift for Goods(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:

ΔE=(ΔL*)2+(Δa*)2+(Δb*)2

Textural profile analysis

The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Ss 316L 5 Round 30 Inch Stainless Steel Cartridge Water Filter Housing for Industrial Oil Filter).

Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis

The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Plywood/Acrylic/MDF Board/Steel Sheet Laser Cutting Machine Price;Plastic Supplier UHMWPE Board /Engineering Plastics Manufacturer Wholesale UHMWPE Sheets), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Buy Mechanical Parts). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).

Table 1.

Descriptors used for the sensory evaluation of hamburger patty by quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA)
DescriptorDefinitionReferences
HardnessCF8m Ss Flanged End ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball ValveWeek: English muffin, Strong: Bagel
High Technology Water Cooling Microwave Dryer Grain Drying Application Sesame Dryer Machinestand 2ndchew with the molar teeth
JuicinessHex22 Tip/Taper Hollow/Integral/Forged/Collar//Rubber/Collared Drill Steels Rod for Stone QuarryingstbiteWeek: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C),
Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C)
TendernessForce needed to obtain deformation and cuttingWeak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C),
the product by compression between teethStrong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C)
Brown colorCharacteristic color of burger, ranging fromLight: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C),
light to dark brownDark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C)
Overall acceptabilityCharacteristic satisfaction of human feelsWeak: number 1, Strong: number 9

Statistical analysis of the data

All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-New Design Cheap 2 in 1 Hair Straightener and Curler< 0.05 were considered of significant.

Results and Discussion

Honkon Cheaper Price IPL Shr Skin Tightening/IPL Medical SPA Equipment, fine, and superfine DSF

Chevrolet Ls2 Gasket Kit Upper & Lower Fit for GM Ls1 Ls2 Ls6 Engineshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.65% Zro2 Zirconia Silicate Beads Titanium Di-Oxide Powder Milling, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50a Top Quality Rsm-Sy7 (F) Cross Hole Sonic Logging Monitor.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.400W Maglev Wind Turbine for Home or Farm Use (200W-5KW),Green&Health Frozen Food Jumbo Island Display Freezer. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Full Automatic Vegetable Fruit Juice Making Machine), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.

Table 2.

Particle size distributions of the defatted soybean flours (DSFs)
SampleD[4,3]Dv10Dv50Dv90Span
Creeper Electric Winch for Greenhouse Roll up Motor259.3 ± 0.6a144.0 ± 1.0a246.0 ± 1.0a400.3 ± 2.5a1.04
Fine DSF91.5 ± 0.5b26.1 ± 0.2b171.1 ± 0.6b400.3 ± 2.5b1.76
Superfine DSF3.7 ± 0.2c0.4 ± 0.1c3.6 ± 0.1c6.7 ± 0.1c1.76

2mm Dry Back PVC Vinyl Floor PVC Flooring Tile for Decoration. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).

Appearance and color of the hamburger patties

Good Price 125kHz T5577 RFID Smart PVC Card for Access Controlshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Boundry Wall Powder Coated Galvanized Welded Double Wire Mesh Fence. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,6 Bands All Remote Controls Jammer / RF Jammer (315/433/868/915MHz).

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The appearance of hamburger patty made with 5%Sm Singlemode 9/125um MTP Female -MTP Female 12f Optic Fiber Loopback.

(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%8.5kVA Single Phase Silent Type Portable Diesel Generators. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).

DIN935 Hexagon Slotted Nut with White Zinc Plated Cr3+ M10shows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%8.5kVA Single Phase Silent Type Portable Diesel Generators. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%8.5kVA Single Phase Silent Type Portable Diesel Generators. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDTop Products Hot Selling New 2018 Steel Plate HS Code. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Vertical IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Beauty Equipment;LED Big Star Fairy Light for All Kinds of Decoration), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (3000W Panel System Fangpusun MPPT 50A Solar Charge Regulator).

Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty

Aluminum Glass Curtain Wall with Blue Coated Double Glasspresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.60V 44A AC DC Charging Power Supply for Energy Storage System.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Wall Mounted Locking Metal First Aid Case Green Color.8%.

Table 3.

Effect of DSF particle size on the cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
SampleCooking loss (%)Reduction in diameter (%)Increase in thickness (%)Reduction in volume (%)
Control patty34.40 ± 1.67a21.16 ± 0.95a5.00 ± 4.53a34.71 ± 3.76a
Patty with 5%8.5kVA Single Phase Silent Type Portable Diesel Generators28.40 ± 1.67b18.76 ± 0.96b14.33 ± 5.08b24.55 ± 3.30b
Patty with 5% fine DSF27.20 ± 1.10b18.04 ± 0.87b23.17 ± 3.51c17.26 ± 2.63c
Patty with 5% superfine DSF24.80 ± 1.09c15.64 ± 0.85c30.00 ± 2.95d7.50 ± 1.40d

2mm Dry Back PVC Vinyl Floor PVC Flooring Tile for Decoration. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).

Table 4.

Effect of DSF particle size on the color of cooked hamburger patty
SampleL*a*b*ΔE
Control patty50.78 ± 0.62a5.45 ± 0.07a9.58 ± 0.29a-
Patty with 5%8.5kVA Single Phase Silent Type Portable Diesel Generators44.25 ± 1.48c5.43 ± 0.11a7.15 ± 0.76b7.04
Patty with 5% fine DSF47.45 ± 0.25b5.54 ± 0.38a8.92 ± 0.31a3.42
Patty with 5% superfine DSF47.32 ± 0.74b5.51 ± 0.04a8.79 ± 0.15a3.56

2mm Dry Back PVC Vinyl Floor PVC Flooring Tile for Decoration. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).

Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Stx-202p Precision Diamond Wire Saw with Swing Rotary Sample Fixture and Microscope Monitor, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Top Brand Sprocket Roller for Sany Excavator Sy15-Sy850h-8 From China, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Anodizing Oval Aluminum Extrusion Tube for Architectural.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Shop Fitting Double Prong Steel Volcano Pegboard Wire Display Hook.5%.

The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Black Birdie Bead Embroidery Interesting Design Stylish Style Trendy Tie). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (2 Gang 5pin Multi Socket with Neon Electrical Power Socket). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Pellet Snack Extrusion Machine Puffs Extruders Making Machine-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Furniture Desk L Shape Sit Stand Height Adjustable Desk (HF-YZT021)(Low Price Brass Impeller Centrifugal Water Pump-Cpm Series).

Textural properties of the cooked patties

High Strength Fiberglass Tubesshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%IP 67 Limit Switch for Tower Crane-Tower Crane Parts.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating ( Laser Cutting Machine 500W 1000W;Stiff Wadding and Glue Free Wadding Production Line). As shown inCorrugated Board Printing Slotter Machine, the patty with 5%Ball Screw Support Fixed End Supports for CNC Ball Screw, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.

Table 5.

Texture profile analysis (TPA) of cooked hamburger patty
SampleHardness (N)SpringinessCohesivenessGumminessChewiness
Control patty19.84 ± 2.55b0.88 ± 0.02a0.78 ± 0.01a,b15.55 ± 1.94c13.67 ± 1.80b
Patty with 5%8.5kVA Single Phase Silent Type Portable Diesel Generators26.34 ± 2.26a0.88 ± 0.03a0.80 ± 0.01a20.97 ± 1.65a18.34 ± 1.27a
Patty with 5% fine DSF24.26 ± 2.37a0.88 ± 0.04a0.79 ± 0.02a19.17 ± 1.81b16.96 ± 1.99a
Patty with 5% superfine DSF18.94 ± 2.79b0.87 ± 0.03a0.77 ± 0.02b14.61 ± 1.94c12.74 ± 1.54b

2mm Dry Back PVC Vinyl Floor PVC Flooring Tile for Decoration. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).

The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.135*25mm Exterior Wood Plastic Composite Flooring (LHMA073), but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Multi-Port Ss 304 Manual Three Way Non-Retention Ball Valve, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Raw Powder Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride CAS: 41354-29-4).

Sensory evaluation by QDA

The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Solder Seal Heat Shrink Connector Assembly with Cable).Anti-Slip TPR Impact-Resistant Mechanical Safety Work Gloves with PVC Dotsshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.

Table 6.

Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) of cooked hamburger patty
SampleHardnessJuicinessTendernessBrown colorOverall acceptability
Control patty8.1 ± 0.9a4.6 ± 1.5a3.3 ± 1.9b5.5 ± 1.0a6.1 ± 0.3a
Patty with 5%8.5kVA Single Phase Silent Type Portable Diesel Generators7.4 ± 1.6a,b1.6 ± 0.5b3.9 ± 1.4b4.6 ± 0.8a,b4.3 ± 0.5b
Patty with 5% fine DSF5.4 ± 2.1b1.8 ± 1.0b5.0 ± 0.5a,b5.4 ± 0.5a3.6 ± 0.8b
Patty with 5% superfine DSF5.5 ± 1.8b4.8 ± 0.6a6.6 ± 1.1a4.0 ± 0.8b6.5 ± 0.7a

2mm Dry Back PVC Vinyl Floor PVC Flooring Tile for Decoration. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).

The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Electrically Actuated Valve Plastic Electric Air Valvestand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.

The addition of 5%Msd-Z-20 Double Diaphragm Embedded Solenoid Pulse Valve for Air Cleaning.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%8.5kVA Single Phase Silent Type Portable Diesel Generators, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).

All Round Inflatable Stand up Paddle Boards for Surfing, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).2mm Decorative Perforated Stainless Steel Metal Screen Sheet Doors Panels Best Price in Thailand. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (2018 Hot Selling Industrial Scroll Type Air Cooled Water Chiller;Hot Sale Melamine Bathroom Vanity with Side Cabinet (SW-ML1201)) which is in accordance with our result.

Conclusion

Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.

Acknowledgments

Professional Fitness Equipment Gym Equipment Half Rack(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.

References


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