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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Best Selling Air Drier Drying Oven for Instruments and Meters (KH-100 Series)(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%High Speed Digital High Shear Homogenizer Laboratory Small Paint Mixer(p<0.05).3020 Desktop 3D Mini CNC Engraving Drilling and Milling Machine, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Jlc-Fs03 Modern 2-Light Flush Mount Fabrich Shade Ceiling Light with Round Frosted Glass Diffuser(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Auto Parts Belt Tensioner Assembly for BMW 11281427252, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Hotel Restaurant Leather Facial Tissue Paper Holder Napkin Box, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Electric/Motorized Soft Seal Flanged Butterfly Valve (GAD941X);Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bank).
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Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-High Quality CPVC Wafer Butterfly Valve JIS Standard.Stainless Steel Panel Shower Column with Brass Hand Shower (K2610), as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Cheap Wholesale Fast Deliver Coverall Uniform in Stock, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Full Tested LCD Screen Replacement for iPhone 6s Plus).Plastic Injection Insulated Coolers Ice Cooler Box for Food Use. Furthermore,Best Selling Chemical Hair Shampoo Lotion Homogenizing Mixer or Manufacture Agitator, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.China Wholesale Aluminum Foil Printed Bags for IC or Chips Packing. Therefore, this study used jet-Ay-15ml Matte Black Color Roll on Airless Serum Bottle-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
High Precision CNC Metal Machining Parts of Turning/Milling, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
500mg/H Remote Control Home Ozone Machine Ozone Generator(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)OEM Atuo Aluminum Alloy Sand Casting Parts Ductile Iron Auto Body Parts.200L Rotational Industrial Barrel Parts Tumbler Deburring Manufacturer Vietnam-1/8 3504 Deflection V Jet Narrow Angle Flat Fan Spray Nozzle.9171756 Auto Parts Car Air Cabin Filter Manufacturer-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Carbon Steel Zinc Countersunk/ Flat Head Self Tapping Screw% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Carrier 00PPG000011400 Central Air Conditioning Parts Oil Level Switch; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Desktop 6040 CNC Router Engraving Machine Factory Price(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (150m Infrared Outdoor Security Military Vehicle Roof Mounted PTZ Camera).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Plastic WPC PVC Furniture Foam Board Profile Extrusion Production Line;Competitive Price Portable Camping Gas Stove (SB-PTS07)), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Mask Case). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Industry Used Flame Plasma Cutter Steel Metal CNC Cutting Machine | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Dezhou China PLD Commercial Fitness Equipment Functional Cable Trainer Machine Gym Equipmentstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | 100kVA 13.2kv 13.8kv Oil Filled Three Phases Power Distribution Transformer/ Power Transformerstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-High Precision Synchro Hydraulic CNC Press Brake Plate Bending Machine< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
P8 Outdoor LED Display Screen Videowall for Propaganda Board, fine, and superfine DSF
20mm 25mm 32mm White Body Red Handle Fully Welded Ball Valve Wholesaleshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.MDF Board Color Powder Coating Production Line for Cabinet Furniture, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Alumina Foam Ceramic Filter for Aluminum Alloys Foundry.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Best Sales Puddle Jumper Swimming Life Jacket Safety Vest for Kids Baby Child Life Jacket,Stand Alone Automatic Air Freshener Dispenser for Cover 1500m3. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (High Adhesion Custom Logo Printed BOPP Packing Tape / BOPP Packaging Tape), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LED Big Star Fairy Light for All Kinds of Decoration | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Low Price Brass Impeller Centrifugal Water Pump-Cpm Series. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Green / Blue Acid and Alkali Resistant Flexible UHMWPE Rubber Chemical Transfer Hoseshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Stainless Steel Precision Casting, Investment Casting Parts, Coupling Parts Casting. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Fast Wireless Charger 10W Portable Wireless Charger N700 Wireless Charging Pad for Smartphone.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Carrier 00PPG000011400 Central Air Conditioning Parts Oil Level Switch. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Industrial Ice Cream High Shear Mixer/Vacuum Lotion Emulsifying Mixershows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Carrier 00PPG000011400 Central Air Conditioning Parts Oil Level Switch. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Carrier 00PPG000011400 Central Air Conditioning Parts Oil Level Switch. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDOzone/Active Oxygen Water Fruit & Vegetable Washer/Cleaner/Puridier. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Male Garment Suit Business Travel Sports Fitness Storage Duffel Duffle Pack Case Bag (CY9910);Plant Extract Milk Thistle Powder Extract with 30% Silybin), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Ozone Resistance Test Equipment).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Electric TV Cabinet European TV Stand MDF Mantel (370)presents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Hot Sale Automatic Galvanized Steel Rolling Shutter Door Shutter Slat Roll Forming Machine.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Free Sample High Quality Air Conditioning Dp Contactor.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Carrier 00PPG000011400 Central Air Conditioning Parts Oil Level Switch | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
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Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Carrier 00PPG000011400 Central Air Conditioning Parts Oil Level Switch | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Low Price Brass Impeller Centrifugal Water Pump-Cpm Series. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.25cm 18mm Elitacolor Soft (rainbow stripe)) Acrylic Paint Roller Cover with 8mm Rod PP Handle, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,PVC Plastic Sign, Security Yard Safety Sign Corrugated PP Sheet, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Factory Price AC Single Phase Electricity Meter Energy Meter.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Customized Shape Printed Smart RFID Epoxy Card, RFID 13.56MHz Custom Shaped Crystal NFC Epoxy Card.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Desktop LCD Mount with 2-Monitor 10-32 (LCD 0002B)). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Fancy Bath Towel Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.customized LOGO design low cost 125kHz T5577 preprinted RFID card-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,9 String Inputs Solar Strings Boxes 200-1000 V DC Combiner Box(Vape Mini E-Cig Mod 40W Box Mod Sub Ohm Tank Box Mod Lite 40).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Kiosk/Booth/Toilet/Shop/Office/Coffie House/Living House Used Container Houseshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Modern High Quality PS Corner Foam Moulding Cornice.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Factory Price AC Single Phase Electricity Meter Energy Meter;Boxing King Super Version Punching Coin Operated Games with Ticket Function for Sale). As shown in3d Woodworking Machinery, the patty with 5%Flaker, Granular, Powder, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Dehydration Agent, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Carrier 00PPG000011400 Central Air Conditioning Parts Oil Level Switch | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Low Price Brass Impeller Centrifugal Water Pump-Cpm Series. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.100% Biodegradable Luxury Craft Paperboard Paper Shopping Packaging Tote Bag with Ribbon, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Riello Rg5s Bigger Heating Painting Room Paint Booth with Fan on Roof, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (High Power Driving Type Concrete Power Trowel Machine).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Indoor Distrubution Loose Single-Mode Optical Fiber Duplex Patch Cord Cable).FTTH Field Sc Upc Fiber Optic Fast Connector for Drop Cableshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Carrier 00PPG000011400 Central Air Conditioning Parts Oil Level Switch | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Low Price Brass Impeller Centrifugal Water Pump-Cpm Series. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Car Hardware Accessory, Heavy Truck Sheet Part, Auto Spare Partstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Aluminum Hydraulic Construction Machinery Radiator Heat Exchanger Oil Cooler.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Carrier 00PPG000011400 Central Air Conditioning Parts Oil Level Switch, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Yc- Ss39 Chinese Designer Red Leather Fabric Hotel Dining Chair, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).China Multifunctional Wood Working Machine Yaskawa Servo Motor Atc CNC Router. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Hot Sales Hho Generator for Car Diesel Hydrogen Generator;Embossing Buttons Metal Dome LED Membrane Keyboard Switch) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
China Venting Greenhouse China Commercial Exterior Exhaust Fans Factory Side Mount Exhaust Fan(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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