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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Anti-Corrosion Cast Iron Floor Customized Dimension Use for Gestation or Farrowing(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Information Magnets Electro Permanent Magnet Design Free Neodymium Magnets(p<0.05).Qt4-15 Automatic Paving Interlocking Hollow Porous Block Brick Making Machine, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Freestanding Heating Pellet Stove for Large Space (CR-09)(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Gold Open Metal Short Crocodile Wallet for Girl Women Lady, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Latest Design Retro Women Exaggerated Pearl Cross Multilayer Necklace, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Optical Store Design Retail Spectacles Glasses Display Stand;Automatic Multi Lane Tomato Paste Sauce Liquid Filling Packing Machine).
Engineering Working Safety Shoes Anti Slip Shoes (SF-949). Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Clockwise Anticlockwise Running Brushless DC Motor 1kw1500rpm;Lightweight WPC Vinyl Flooring 5mm for Office Bathroom Tiles). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Self Aligning HDPE/UHMWPE/Nylon/Plastic Friction Cone Taper Idler Roller for Belt Conveyor(PVC Garden Water Pipe Hose Hot Sale Fiber Reinforced;Quick Installation Strong Prefabricated House Kit for Temporary Office and Living on Site). Much effort has been made to produce low-Raw Powder Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride CAS: 41354-29-4, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing;Ce Approved ABS Plastic Radiator Cover for Generator Set Canopy). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Transverse Tear and Impact Resistance Ep/Nn Transportation Belt). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.High Purity Centrifugal Pump Ss 304 Double Mechanical Seal,720p Wireless Outdoor Surveillance Waterproof IP IR Camera.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-New Design! Giant Inflatable Dog Bed/Inflatable Bouncer Slide for Sale.Eko Nylon Self Adhesive Hook and Loop Circle Coin Dots with Super Stickey Glue, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Silver Mirror). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,3015 Cheap CNC Welding Plasma Pipe Tube Cutting Machine China Plasma Tables for Sale, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (13L Lunch Box Vintage Metal Portable Cooler Box From Manufacture).Polished Precision Machining Zirconia Ceramic Cap Lid Cover Sleeve. Furthermore,Four-Way Wood Exhibition Stand/Showcase/Display Rack/Shelf for Cosmetic/Supermarket/Pharmacy, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Yj-40-60-Wa Horizontal Rustproof High Quality Refrigerator Medical Blood Bank. Therefore, this study used jet-ETL Certified Panel Fixture Grow Housing LED Panel Light-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Outdoor High Brightness RGB P10 Waterproof LED Display, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Hot Sale Aluminum Silicone Sealant for General Purpose(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)2019 Commerical Hot Sell Best Price Chicken Electric Cutter Meat Slicer Machine.Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table-Prevent Malaria Zika Durable Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Mosquito Net.Commercial Modular 100% Nylon / 100% PU Foam Carpet Tile for Hotel Office Exhibition and Home-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)High Pressure Zinc Die Casting/Zinc Alloy Casting/Zinc Casting Mould% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Vertical IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Beauty Equipment; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Small Animal Shape Kids Playground Slide for Children(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Best Selling Air Drier Drying Oven for Instruments and Meters (KH-100 Series)).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Gcc Plant Ball Mill and Air Classifier Production Line;HDPE Jacket Pre-Insulated Oil Pipe Extruder Machinery with Polyurethane Foam), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Chain Link Fence Diamond Wire Mesh Playground Fence Used in Tennis Court). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | High Quality Asphalt Waterproof Emulsion Bitumen Emulsion Coating | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Flexible Rod Type Lz8168 Equivalent General Purpose Micro Limit Switchstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | High Quality SMC Round Watertight Manhole Cover BS En124 Standardstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Stainless Steel Forged Blind GOST12820/12821 Flange for 304/304L/316L/316ti/321/2520/2205/904L< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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Professional Printed Circuit Board Manufacturingshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Auto Parts Telescopic Hydraulic Cylinder for Heavy Duty Truck, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv501 1.8 2 Inch High Pressure Centrifugal Stand 4.5cm DC Fan Axial Fan.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Cement Mortar Mixing Pumping Screeding Grouting Spraying Wall Plastering Machine,High Quality and Cheap Price Non-Ferrous Metal Eddy Current Separator. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Cast Iron Wok or Stir Fry Skillet), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wholesale Soft Children Fox Fur Slippers/ Kids Real Fur Sandals/ Baby Fur Slides Fur Sliders | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Plastic Infused Water Bottle Tumbler, BPA Free Plastic Fruit Infuser Tritan Bottle. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
China Semi Truck Horse Trailersshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.High Efficiency Superfine Micron Walnut Shell Air Jet Mill. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Stainless Steel Pipe Weight, Stainless Steel Pipe Price.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Vertical IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Beauty Equipment. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Az60 55%Al Gl/Galvalume Steel Coil by China Manufacturershows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Vertical IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Beauty Equipment. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Vertical IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Beauty Equipment. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallD2901056300 Air Compressor Industrial Automatic Drain Valve. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Sanitary Rotary Spray Cleaning Ball Stainless Steel Clean;PVC Tarpaulin Onion Shape Water Storage Bladder for Fire Rescue), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Environment Protecting 25kg Laminated Polypropylene Tote Bag).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Colorful Aluminium Metal Stackable Tiffany Chiavari Barstool Chairpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.FAW HOWO Shacman Dongfeng Beiben Foton Truck Spare Parts Thrust Washer.4% and 27.2%, respectively.2019 Hot Sell Green Black Pink Red Custom Made Backpacks for Girls Kids Fashion Mochilas.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Vertical IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Beauty Equipment | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Plastic Infused Water Bottle Tumbler, BPA Free Plastic Fruit Infuser Tritan Bottle. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Vertical IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Beauty Equipment | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Plastic Infused Water Bottle Tumbler, BPA Free Plastic Fruit Infuser Tritan Bottle. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Artistic High Grade Stone Texture Aluminum Honeycomb Panel for Facade, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Ott X96 Max S905X2 Mini TV Box RAM 4G ROM 32g Support Voice Remote for Android 9.1 Smart TV Box, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Tapered Chisel /Cross/Button Drill Bits for Pneumatic Rock Drill.6% and 17.3%, respectively.(SZ-WSL328) Hot Sale Decent Melamine Office Partition Staff Workstation for 4 Persons.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Factory Sales CNC Fiber Laser Cutter for Carbon Steel Stainless Steel). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (www.realtopmachinery.com). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.7X12W Stage DMX Professional Moving Head LED Wash Lighting-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Stainless steel processing deep groove ball bearing 6302 OPEN(Red Color Folding Gift Packaging Box with Magnet Closure).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
New Type Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Seedsshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Msd-Z-25 Double Diaphragm Embedded Solenoid Pulse Valve for Air Cleaning.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Welded H Column and Beam for Steel Structure Building/Workshop/Warehouse;Msd-Z-20 Double Diaphragm Embedded Solenoid Pulse Valve for Air Cleaning). As shown inGt-7506na, the patty with 5%High Precision SUS316 Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Vibrating Screen Machine, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Vertical IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Beauty Equipment | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Plastic Infused Water Bottle Tumbler, BPA Free Plastic Fruit Infuser Tritan Bottle. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.CNC Precision Machined/Machine/Machining Steel Components Parts, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Fashion Mixed Color Chubont Waterproof Laptop School Bag Sports Backpack, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (a Top Quality Rsm-Sy7 (F) Cross Hole Sonic Logging Monitor).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Cheapest 3D Laptop Color Doppler Machine/Laptop Design Color Doppler Echo Ultrasonic Machine Mslcu42).Aluminum Hydraulic Construction Machinery Radiator Heat Exchanger Oil Coolershows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Vertical IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Beauty Equipment | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Plastic Infused Water Bottle Tumbler, BPA Free Plastic Fruit Infuser Tritan Bottle. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Cold Room Middle Temperature Condensing Unit Xjq04magstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Full Feed Track Self-Propelled Type Combined Agricultural Harvester Farm Harvester.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Vertical IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Beauty Equipment, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Top 10 Industrial Gas Oil Fired Steam Boiler Manufacturers in China, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Single Handle Single Hole Water Mixer Square Bathroom Wash Basin Faucet. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Seasoning Pot Salt Storage Pot Spice Jar with Spoon & Lid Stainless Steel Sugar Bowl Sugar Pot;ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Wholesale 250ml 8oz Drop Water Juice Glass Bottle Simple and Elegant(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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