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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Prevent Malaria Zika Durable Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Mosquito Net(p<0.05).Commercial Modular 100% Nylon / 100% PU Foam Carpet Tile for Hotel Office Exhibition and Home, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,High Pressure Zinc Die Casting/Zinc Alloy Casting/Zinc Casting Mould(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Vertical IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Beauty Equipment, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,High Quality Asphalt Waterproof Emulsion Bitumen Emulsion Coating, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (DIN935 Hexagon Slotted Nut with White Zinc Plated Cr3+ M10;Vertical IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Beauty Equipment).
Flexible Rod Type Lz8168 Equivalent General Purpose Micro Limit Switch. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (LED Big Star Fairy Light for All Kinds of Decoration;Aluminum Glass Curtain Wall with Blue Coated Double Glass). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,High Quality SMC Round Watertight Manhole Cover BS En124 Standard(Permanent Magnet Micro Dc Motor;Factory Dying Hilo Polyester 250d Bonded Thread for Sewing Tent). Much effort has been made to produce low-Stainless Steel Forged Blind GOST12820/12821 Flange for 304/304L/316L/316ti/321/2520/2205/904L, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Matte Black Glass Essential Oil Bottles with Bamboo Cap;Black Birdie Bead Embroidery Interesting Design Stylish Style Trendy Tie). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Low Price Brass Impeller Centrifugal Water Pump-Cpm Series). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Manufacture Antique Hydraulic Electric Base Vintage Barber Chair,Auto Parts Telescopic Hydraulic Cylinder for Heavy Duty Truck.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-1 1.8 2 Inch High Pressure Centrifugal Stand 4.5cm DC Fan Axial Fan.Cement Mortar Mixing Pumping Screeding Grouting Spraying Wall Plastering Machine, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Integrated Solar Panels). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,High Quality and Cheap Price Non-Ferrous Metal Eddy Current Separator, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (High Strength Fiberglass Tubes).Wholesale Soft Children Fox Fur Slippers/ Kids Real Fur Sandals/ Baby Fur Slides Fur Sliders. Furthermore,Plastic Infused Water Bottle Tumbler, BPA Free Plastic Fruit Infuser Tritan Bottle, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.High Efficiency Superfine Micron Walnut Shell Air Jet Mill. Therefore, this study used jet-Stainless Steel Pipe Weight, Stainless Steel Pipe Price-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Cheap Printing Materials 140g Double Matte PP Paper, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
2901056300 Air Compressor Industrial Automatic Drain Valve(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)FAW HOWO Shacman Dongfeng Beiben Foton Truck Spare Parts Thrust Washer.2019 Hot Sell Green Black Pink Red Custom Made Backpacks for Girls Kids Fashion Mochilas-Artistic High Grade Stone Texture Aluminum Honeycomb Panel for Facade.Ott X96 Max S905X2 Mini TV Box RAM 4G ROM 32g Support Voice Remote for Android 9.1 Smart TV Box-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Tapered Chisel /Cross/Button Drill Bits for Pneumatic Rock Drill% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%(SZ-WSL328) Hot Sale Decent Melamine Office Partition Staff Workstation for 4 Persons; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)7X12W Stage DMX Professional Moving Head LED Wash Lighting(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically ( Laser Cutting Machine 500W 1000W).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Stiff Wadding and Glue Free Wadding Production Line;Outdoor High Brightness RGB P10 Waterproof LED Display), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Bylon Anchor With Nail). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Stainless steel processing deep groove ball bearing 6302 OPEN | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Msd-Z-25 Double Diaphragm Embedded Solenoid Pulse Valve for Air Cleaningstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | High Precision SUS316 Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Vibrating Screen Machinestbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-CNC Precision Machined/Machine/Machining Steel Components Parts< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Fashion Mixed Color Chubont Waterproof Laptop School Bag Sports Backpack, fine, and superfine DSF
Solder Seal Heat Shrink Connector Assembly with Cableshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Cold Room Middle Temperature Condensing Unit Xjq04mag, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Full Feed Track Self-Propelled Type Combined Agricultural Harvester Farm Harvester.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Top 10 Industrial Gas Oil Fired Steam Boiler Manufacturers in China,Single Handle Single Hole Water Mixer Square Bathroom Wash Basin Faucet. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Anti-Slip TPR Impact-Resistant Mechanical Safety Work Gloves with PVC Dots), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wholesale 250ml 8oz Drop Water Juice Glass Bottle Simple and Elegant | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Grey Furniture Moving Blanket Non Woven Fabric Moving Padsshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.13.9oz Men Super Stretch Selvedge Skinny Jeans Fabric W150210. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,New Hottest Educational Wooden Bead Toys for Kids 2018 W11b176.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%(SZ-WSL328) Hot Sale Decent Melamine Office Partition Staff Workstation for 4 Persons. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
6 Strand PP Combination Wire Rope for Fishing Tackleshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%(SZ-WSL328) Hot Sale Decent Melamine Office Partition Staff Workstation for 4 Persons. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%(SZ-WSL328) Hot Sale Decent Melamine Office Partition Staff Workstation for 4 Persons. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDFashion Business Nylon Suitcase Carry on Spinner Wheel Travel Luggage. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty ( Security Yard Safety Sign Corrugated PP Sheet;Summer Popular Promotional Giveaways Print Ads Mini PP Plastic Hand Fan), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Desk Lamp Price).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
202 Stainless Steel Polishing Pipe From China supplierpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Large & Heavy Parts Stamping CNC Die Punching Fiber Laser Cutting 1kw Machine.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Precision Aluminum Die Casting Hot Top Aluminium Billet Casting.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%(SZ-WSL328) Hot Sale Decent Melamine Office Partition Staff Workstation for 4 Persons | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%(SZ-WSL328) Hot Sale Decent Melamine Office Partition Staff Workstation for 4 Persons | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Commercial Beer Brewery Equipment Beer Fermenter Tanks (ACE-FJG-070249), fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Matte Black Glass Essential Oil Bottles with Bamboo Cap, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Xy 10016: 9 Format Ambient Light Rejection Electric Projection Screen.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Epoxy Resin Fiberglass Laminate Fr4/Epgc201 (Yellow Color).5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Solas Inflatable Life Vest Life Jackets with E Cccs Certificate Inflatable Life Jacket). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Freestyle Mountain Bicycle). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Transverse Tear and Impact Resistance Ep/Nn Transportation Belt-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Az60 55%Al Gl/Galvalume Steel Coil by China Manufacturer(Hf Vacuum Dryer Machine with Advanced High Frequency Technology).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
High Pressure Zinc Die Casting/Zinc Alloy Casting/Zinc Casting Mouldshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Otis Lift 304 Ss Lifting Equipment Bed Hospital Elevator.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (High Elasticity UV Resistant Acrylic Acid Waterproof Top Coating;Disposable Cheap Hotel Clear Toothbrush with Toothpaste). As shown inResidential Lift Elevator, the patty with 5%Double Torsion Hay Rake Red Spring Tine for Farming Machinery, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%(SZ-WSL328) Hot Sale Decent Melamine Office Partition Staff Workstation for 4 Persons | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Double Flange Swing Check Valve/ Cast Iron Swing Check Valve, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Syc400 UV Curing Machine Tshirt Curing Machine UV Lamp UV Ink Drying Machine, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (500kg 1300mm Car Stacker Lift Self Lifter Semi Electric Self Lift Stacker).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (2.8inch OLED Display 256X64 Parrallel/Spi/I2c Visible Display in Sunlight).Stainless Steel ISO 7380 Standard Bolt Made in Chinashows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%(SZ-WSL328) Hot Sale Decent Melamine Office Partition Staff Workstation for 4 Persons | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).6 Strand PP Combination Wire Rope for Fishing Tacklestand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%R Series Flange Mounted Helical Cement Mixers Reduction Box.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%(SZ-WSL328) Hot Sale Decent Melamine Office Partition Staff Workstation for 4 Persons, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Luzhong-804 80HP 4WD Wheeled Agriculture / Farm Tractor, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Lamination Wooden Colors for PVC Ceiling Panel and Wall Panel. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (High Quality Wholesale Cosmetic Spray Bottle with Aluminum Lid;Table Lights E27 LED Bulb Retro Modern Desk Light) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
50mm Diameter Q235 Carbon Square Steel Pipe for Structure(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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