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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Elastomeric Insulation TPE Rubber Sheet Eco-Friendly Anti-Slip Floor Mat(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Shenzhen Manufacturer 0.3mm Pitch FPC Connector 24pin SMT Connector(p<0.05).Five Colors 5ATM Water Resistance Stainless Steel Set Watch for Business Men (JY-G039), gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Automatic High Speed Plastic PE PP Flower Bag Making Machine(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Folding E-Bike Red White Foldable Electric Bicycle Folded E Bike Great Power 500W 48V Samsung, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,China Supplier 99.9% Purity Methyl Cyclohexane Methylcyclohexane CAS 108-87-2, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Welded H Column and Beam for Steel Structure Building/Workshop/Warehouse;Msd-Z-20 Double Diaphragm Embedded Solenoid Pulse Valve for Air Cleaning).
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Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-High Quality Universal Large Butterfly Safety Valve Lockout.24mm Howhit Gy6 150cc 150 Carburetor & Intake Manifold Scooter Go Kart, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Heavy Duty Alternator). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Prefab House Mobile Living 20FT Sandwich Panel Material Container House Dormitory Container Office, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Rattan Dining Table Room Sets Outdoor Modern Patio Wicker Furniture).Topology High Water Flow Capacity Pleated Filter Cartridge. Furthermore,Steel Structure Truss Gas Alibaba Website Galvanized Steel Round Pipe, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.China Supplier Gabion Professional Front Door Large Wire Mesh Box. Therefore, this study used jet-Lightweight Blue Oxford Aluminum Folding Outdoor Home Leisure Beach Lounge Chair-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Low Price China Factory Rubber Anti-Fatigue Rubber Mats(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Double Concave Spherical Lens, Curved Lens Moon, Gluing Ball Lens.IP67 Mc4 Solar Tinned Copper PV Connector with TUV UL PV Mc 4-New Style Men Single Shoulder Cross Body Leisure Travel Business Satchel Messenger Bag (CY1905).Synthetic Artificial Flocking Printed PU Leather for Sofa&Shoes-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Garment Accessories Heart Reversible Sequin Designs Embroidery Patches% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Digital Counting Money Box Safeshigh Quality Hotel Safe Box; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Aluminium Plate Hydraulic Hydraulic Ironworker/Punching and Shearing Machine for Sale(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Lever Chain Hoist 3t*1.5m Manual Chain Block with Cheap Price).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Contemporary Outdoor Garden Furniture Leisure Lounge Aluminum Modular Sofa Set with Poly Wood Table;Hot Sale Aluminum Silicone Sealant for General Purpose), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Fiber Optic Equipment). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | High Sharpness 9 Inch Water Pump Fixing Pump Pliers | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Contemporary Outdoor Garden Furniture Leisure Lounge Aluminum Modular Sofa Set with Poly Wood Tablestand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Deep-Hole Screw Locking Robot/ Benchtop 4-Axis Screw Fastening Robotstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Low Price 1.4501/S32760 Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Pipe< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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Clear Acrylic Makeup Storage Organizer Cosmetic Organizer Makeup Caseshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Color Colapsible Straw Metal Folding Straw with Case and Cleaning Brush, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Fluorescent Yellow Traffic Safety Reflective Clothing, Waterproof Fabric Reflective Safety.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.2.8inch OLED Display 256X64 Parrallel/Spi/I2c Visible Display in Sunlight,Sinotruk HOWO Trailer Tractor 371HP HOWO 6X4 Tractor Head Truck. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (30kg), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China Supplier Energy Saving 3W LED Golden Totem Pendant String Light | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
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Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
m.nbjiafei.comshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.2016 Newest European Melamine Bathroom Cabinet with Mirror. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Sct Multi Position Double Acting Pneumatic Cylinder.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Digital Counting Money Box Safeshigh Quality Hotel Safe Box. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Transtones Customize Shape for Kitchen Top Wall Panelsshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Digital Counting Money Box Safeshigh Quality Hotel Safe Box. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Digital Counting Money Box Safeshigh Quality Hotel Safe Box. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDHot Sale Melamine Bathroom Vanity with Side Cabinet (SW-ML1201). Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Fiber Laser Cutter for 1-22mm Carbon Steel Sheet Metal Esf-3015wge;High Separating Rate Electrostatic Sorting Machine for Plastic and Rubber), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Eran B32 2019 Newest Portable Bluetooth Speaker for Outdoor&Indoor).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Ice Hockey Uniform Sublimation Wholesale Cheap Hockey Jersey for Menpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Two Wheels Self Balance Electric Chariot Scooter Ninebot Mini PRO.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Atorvastatin Calcium Cardiovascular Medicine Raw Materials.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Digital Counting Money Box Safeshigh Quality Hotel Safe Box | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
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Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Digital Counting Money Box Safeshigh Quality Hotel Safe Box | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
2017 Hot Sale Custom Design Football Soccer Medal with Glitter. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.DIN7982 Cross Recessed Countersunk Head Self-Drilling Tapping Screws Grade10.9, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Aiyos Android/Windows IR LCD Multi Touchscreen Display for Digital Signage Totem Kiosk, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Polycarboxylate PCE Superplasticizer Water Reducing Plasticizing Admixture.6% and 17.3%, respectively.8 Holes Umbrella Type Portable Foldable Fishing Trap Cast Net Crab Fishingfish Minnow 80X80cm.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat ( 85). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (5′ X 10′ High Power Thick Steel Fibre Laser Cutter). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Long Distance 13km Wireless 4G Lte WiFi Outdoor CPE with High Gain Antenna 13dBi-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Kiosk/Booth/Toilet/Shop/Office/Coffie House/Living House Used Container House(Anti Weather Borated Polyethylene Board Plastic HDPE Sheet).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Hex22 Tip/Taper Hollow/Integral/Forged/Collar//Rubber/Collared Drill Steels Rod for Stone Quarryingshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Durable Manual Cast Steel Flange Slide Gate Valve with Prices.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating ( Air Suspension Contitech 836mk1;Low Price 1.4501/S32760 Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Pipe). As shown inHealth Food Grape Seed Extract CAS No: 84929-27-1 with High Quality, the patty with 5%Black Carbon Steel Seamless Pipe for Oil and Gas, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Digital Counting Money Box Safeshigh Quality Hotel Safe Box | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
2017 Hot Sale Custom Design Football Soccer Medal with Glitter. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Custom Healong Sublimated Men′s Brief Shorts, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Lanhang Brand Rubber Pressed Mixing Machine with Ce Certification, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Industrial River Water Treatment Lamella Clarifier).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Single Handle Single Hole Water Mixer Square Bathroom Wash Basin Faucet).Devo High Quality Gearbox Bw3 Gearboxes Bw Cycloidal Speed Reducer Machineshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Digital Counting Money Box Safeshigh Quality Hotel Safe Box | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
2017 Hot Sale Custom Design Football Soccer Medal with Glitter. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).5m Colorful ABS Case Alloy Shaft Measure Tape with Nylon Coated Double Printing Bladestand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%30mm Extractor Cooling Fan 30X30X10 12V IP68 Cooling Tower Fan.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Digital Counting Money Box Safeshigh Quality Hotel Safe Box, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Cast Iron Wok or Stir Fry Skillet, 12-Inch, Flat Bottom for Stove Top Use, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Classic Matte Oak Color Melmine Wooden European Style Bathroom Vanity. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Mqs138 370watt Electric Peripheral Surface Self-Priming Booster Auto Water Pump;Disposable Medical Blood Lancet Pen Type Collection Needle) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Fuel Injector Nozzle F01r00m116 for Chery QQ 1.0 6711(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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