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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Hardware Tool Set EVA Insert Pack Box Bag Storage Case(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Transtones Customize Shape for Kitchen Top Wall Panels(p<0.05).China High Quality Linear Globe Angle Control Valve, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Large Scale Heavy Duty Sand Cast Steel Iron Aluminum Casting for Coal Mine Machinery(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Removable Portable Adjustable Basketball Stand/Hoop with 48 PC Transparent Backboard, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Minnee Fitness Body Resistance Hip Circle Band Sets Yoga, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Hot Sales Hho Generator for Car Diesel Hydrogen Generator;Embossing Buttons Metal Dome LED Membrane Keyboard Switch).
Inflatable Rubber Mandrels for Culvert Construction. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Custom Mild 3mm Laser Cut Sheet Metal Fabrication Service;Android Portable Rugged Touch Data Collector PDA). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Heavy Duty Electromagnetic Lock for Double Door and Access System(Hot Sales Beer Fermentation with Stainless Steel Tank;Ball Screw Support Fixed End Supports for CNC Ball Screw). Much effort has been made to produce low-Various Types of Aluminum/Steel/Brass Sheet Metal Stamping/Punching Parts, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Stainless Steel Pipe Weight;Customized Shape Printed Smart RFID Epoxy Card). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Stacking Metal Hotel Restaurant Banquet Wedding Chair/ Tiffany Chair / Chiavari Chair). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.High Quality Psa Oxygen Cylinder Filling for Hospital,High Quality Round Bottle Labeling Machine for Juice and E-Cigarette Liquid.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Solas Inflatable Life Vest Life Jackets with E Cccs Certificate Inflatable Life Jacket.China Ginger Water Spray High Pressure Washing Machine, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Waste Tire Equipment Rubber Powder Shredding Machine Used Tyre Recycling Crusher Plant). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,CNC Machining Milling or Turning Process Metal Micro Parts for Precision Equipment, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (High Sharpness 9 Inch Water Pump Fixing Pump Pliers).43 Meters Truck-Mounted Boom Pump/Pump Truck/Concrete Pump. Furthermore,16t Iron Metal Belt Mechanical Power Press for Sale, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Sc12 Core 2mm Breakout Fanout Optical Fiber Patch Leads. Therefore, this study used jet-Hotel and Homeuse Plastic Electric Kettle Plastic Cover Plastic Injection Molding-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Rotary Drilling Rig Drilling Machine Cummins Engine, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Ceramic Grain Abrasive for Making Quality Bonded/Coated Abrasives% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Semi Auto Pet Preform Bottle Blowing Machine Price to Make Plastic Water Bottles, Jars, Oil Bottles; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Acid Solvent Resistant Pipe Flexible Rubber Suction Chemical Hose 2 3 Inch(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (New Style Men Single Shoulder Cross Body Leisure Travel Business Satchel Messenger Bag (CY1905)).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (High Efficiency Dung Rotary Dryer with Competitive Price;Galvanized Farm Fencing/ Farm Sheep Fencing/ Cattle Fence/ Field Fencing), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Apron Cotton). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | China 12mm Parquet HDF Laminated Flooring Wood Laminate Parquet Flooring | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Qt4-15 Fully Automatic Interlocking Block Hollow Brick Porous Block Making Machinestand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Mini Size Stainless Steel Recessed LED Underwater Floor Step Lightstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Automatic Steel C Purlin Prolfile Cold Roll Forming Machine< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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2018 New Arrival Stainless Steel Waterproof Men Quartz Watch with Genuine Leather Strapshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.New Wireless Solar Power Bank 5000mAh 10000 mAh Cell Phone Charger, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Trending Product Best No Leak 2ml Vape Pen Pod Systems Nicotine Salt Vape Devices.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Top Quality 20inch Folding Fat Tire Ebike 20X4.0 Foldable Electric Bike,24V Ultrasonic Fogger 100mL Aroma Diffuser LED Light. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Dustproof Push Button 3m467 Membrane Switch Keyboard/Keypad), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plastic PP Foam Clipboard with Metal Clip in Dongguan | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Quick Deploy Empty Expandable Container House for Emergency. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Featuredshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Ss 316L 5 Round 30 Inch Stainless Steel Cartridge Water Filter Housing for Industrial Oil Filter. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,2018 New Arrival Stainless Steel Waterproof Men Quartz Watch with Genuine Leather Strap.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Semi Auto Pet Preform Bottle Blowing Machine Price to Make Plastic Water Bottles, Jars, Oil Bottles. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Solar Controler 12V 25A 6000BTU off Grid 100% Air Conditionershows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Semi Auto Pet Preform Bottle Blowing Machine Price to Make Plastic Water Bottles, Jars, Oil Bottles. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Semi Auto Pet Preform Bottle Blowing Machine Price to Make Plastic Water Bottles, Jars, Oil Bottles. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDMetal Industry Electric Flat Rail Transfer Trailer Vehicle. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (5GHz Outdoor Wireless Access Point Poe Power Supply (TS208F);Hunting Night Vision Telescope Infrared Military Digital Vision), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Customized Deep Drawn Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Stamping Part).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Soundproofing Foam Backed Vinyl 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Brickpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Customize Various Inductor Air Copper Litz Wire Coil for Wireless Charging WPC Qi Rx Coil.4% and 27.2%, respectively.New Generation CE RoHS Approval 110V 220V 40W Garden Lamps.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Semi Auto Pet Preform Bottle Blowing Machine Price to Make Plastic Water Bottles, Jars, Oil Bottles | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Quick Deploy Empty Expandable Container House for Emergency. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Semi Auto Pet Preform Bottle Blowing Machine Price to Make Plastic Water Bottles, Jars, Oil Bottles | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Quick Deploy Empty Expandable Container House for Emergency. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Spade Shovel/Hand Tools for Building Construction /Farming Spade (FM-SL21), fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,High Quality Wholesale Cosmetic Spray Bottle with Aluminum Lid, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Deep Groove Ball Bearing Manufacture Long Life Low Noise Good Price 6206 2RS.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Hot Sales Hho Generator for Car Diesel Hydrogen Generator.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (OEM High Precision Stainless Steel Turning Eccentric Shaft). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (9X12 Blue Large Living Room Handmade Oriental Rugs Hand Knotted 100% Silk Persian Carpets). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Single Screw Mini Film Blowing Machine Screw 45/55/65-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Samsung Pick and Place Machine for LED Component Mounting(Custom Cardboard Packages for Socks and Underwear Kraft Paper Packaging Boxes).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
5 Years Warranty IP65 UFO LED High Bay Light 80Wshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%5GHz Outdoor Wireless Access Point Poe Power Supply (TS208F).84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Japanese Real Silicone Doll Love Dolls Sex Machine Toy Product;Various Types of Aluminum/Steel/Brass Sheet Metal Stamping/Punching Parts). As shown inPrepainted Coil Galvalume Metal Roofing Price Building Materials for Construction, the patty with 5%Intelligent Counting and Packaging Machine for Earphone Earphone Accessories, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Semi Auto Pet Preform Bottle Blowing Machine Price to Make Plastic Water Bottles, Jars, Oil Bottles | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Quick Deploy Empty Expandable Container House for Emergency. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.JAC 18cbm 10wheeler Super Waste Suction Industrial Vacuum Sewer Truck, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.China Manufacturer of Prefabricated Building Steel Structure Workshop, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (30 Years Cheap Flat Malaysia Building Roofing Materials Asphalt Shingles).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Light Weight Food Grade Stainless Steel Water Tank).IN-B014 Hot-selling Portable Auto Urine Sediment Strips Testing Analyzer W-200Bshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Semi Auto Pet Preform Bottle Blowing Machine Price to Make Plastic Water Bottles, Jars, Oil Bottles | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Quick Deploy Empty Expandable Container House for Emergency. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Easy Click Vinyl Flooring/Spc Flooring Manufacturer (2-8mm)stand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%1 1/4 Inch Abrasive Resistant High Pressure Sandblasting Hose 12bar.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Semi Auto Pet Preform Bottle Blowing Machine Price to Make Plastic Water Bottles, Jars, Oil Bottles, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Cosmetics Facial Cream Toothpaste Tube Filling Sealing Machine, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Solar Array Combiner Box-DC Combiner Box-PV String Box for Wide Voltage Range System. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (customized LOGO design low cost 125kHz T5577 preprinted RFID card;China Supplier Hot Sale Jewelry Laser Solder for Refrigerator Gasket) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
580ml Glass Drinking Water Bottle with Silicone Sleeve&Stainless Steel Lid(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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