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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Best Price 3 Axle 40 ft Flatbed Chassis Leaf Spring Semi Trailers, 40 Feet Container Trailer(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%High Impact Support Sports Bra Yoga Gym Workout Fitness(p<0.05).Quality Custom Aluminum Die Casting/ Metal Casting Heat Sink/ Radiator, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,WiFi Thermostat & Temperature Controller for Water Heating(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Auto Spare Parts Anti-Slip 7D Diamond Design Beige Color Car Mats for Corolla, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Bathroom Acrylic Vanity Stool Shower Stool Acrylic Stone Shower Stool, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Stainless Steel ISO 7380 Standard Bolt Made in China;High Quality Wholesale Cosmetic Spray Bottle with Aluminum Lid).
High Temperature Furnace for Melting Electric Induction Heater. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Table Lights E27 LED Bulb Retro Modern Desk Light;Office Furniture Cheap Metal Storage Filing Cabinet). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,High Quality Polycotton Latex Coated Impact Resistant Glove(Chinese Furniture TV Set Black Glass TV Stand TV Cabinet;Flat Defence Razor Wire Stainless Steel/Iron/Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire). Much effort has been made to produce low-Custom Different Size Colored Vulcanized Silicone / NBR Rubber O-Ring, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Indoor LCD Advertising Screen Touch Kiosk with Motion Sensor and Printer;Diamond Polishing Abrasive Brush for Granite and Marble). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (400W Maglev Wind Turbine for Home or Farm Use (200W-5KW)). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Unique Luxury Lady Man Perfume Bottle Cheap Glass Perfume Sprayer Bottle with Competitive Price,Expandable Braided Sleeving Auto Wire Harness Cover Sleeve for Cable and Hose Protection.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Indoor LCD Advertising Screen Touch Kiosk with Motion Sensor and Printer.Top Grade Oil Refining Machine/Refined Sunflower Oil Equipment, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Top Products Hot Selling New 2018 Steel Plate HS Code). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Veterinary Drugs of Tetracycline hydrochloride Bolus 100 tabs, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Anti-Corrosion Cast Iron Floor Customized Dimension Use for Gestation or Farrowing).Gentory Cupc Massage 304 Stainless Steel Shower Panel for Bathroom. Furthermore,Anti-Corrosion Cast Iron Floor Customized Dimension Use for Gestation or Farrowing, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Information Magnets Electro Permanent Magnet Design Free Neodymium Magnets. Therefore, this study used jet-Qt4-15 Automatic Paving Interlocking Hollow Porous Block Brick Making Machine-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Raw Powder Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride CAS: 41354-29-4% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%High Purity Centrifugal Pump Ss 304 Double Mechanical Seal; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)720p Wireless Outdoor Surveillance Waterproof IP IR Camera(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Electronic Pulse Gas Stove Burner Igniter Transformer Parts).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Plastic Injection Kitchen Plate Dish Drying Drainer Rack;Aluminum Access Panel with Gypsum Board 600mmx1200mm AP7710), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Single Handle Widespread Waterfall Bathroom Sink Faucets Glass Spout Water Basin Taps). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | New Design! Giant Inflatable Dog Bed/Inflatable Bouncer Slide for Sale | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Eko Nylon Self Adhesive Hook and Loop Circle Coin Dots with Super Stickey Gluestand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | 3015 Cheap CNC Welding Plasma Pipe Tube Cutting Machine China Plasma Tables for Salestbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Polished Precision Machining Zirconia Ceramic Cap Lid Cover Sleeve< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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Biogas Desulphurization/Purification Tank Scrubber/Towershows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Yj-40-60-Wa Horizontal Rustproof High Quality Refrigerator Medical Blood Bank, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50ETL Certified Panel Fixture Grow Housing LED Panel Light.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Outdoor High Brightness RGB P10 Waterproof LED Display,Hot Sale Aluminum Silicone Sealant for General Purpose. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Furniture Desk L Shape Sit Stand Height Adjustable Desk (HF-YZT021)), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 Commerical Hot Sell Best Price Chicken Electric Cutter Meat Slicer Machine | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
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(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%High Purity Centrifugal Pump Ss 304 Double Mechanical Seal. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Ozone/Active Oxygen Water Fruit & Vegetable Washer/Cleaner/Puridiershows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%High Purity Centrifugal Pump Ss 304 Double Mechanical Seal. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%High Purity Centrifugal Pump Ss 304 Double Mechanical Seal. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDVertical IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Beauty Equipment. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Sany/Zoomlion/Putzmeister/Schwing Concrete Pump Cylinder Seal Kits/Repair Kits;High Temperature Resistant 99.3% 99.7% Alumina Ceramic Beads), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Brass Kitchen Mixer).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
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Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%High Purity Centrifugal Pump Ss 304 Double Mechanical Seal | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%High Purity Centrifugal Pump Ss 304 Double Mechanical Seal | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Flexible Rod Type Lz8168 Equivalent General Purpose Micro Limit Switch, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,High Quality SMC Round Watertight Manhole Cover BS En124 Standard, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Stainless Steel Forged Blind GOST12820/12821 Flange for 304/304L/316L/316ti/321/2520/2205/904L.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Manufacture Antique Hydraulic Electric Base Vintage Barber Chair.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (OEM Make Denso Type Auto Air Conditioner Compressor). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (IP65 DC 1000V Mc4 Four-in-One Plug/Socket Solar Cable Branch Connector). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Auto Parts Telescopic Hydraulic Cylinder for Heavy Duty Truck-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,1 1.8 2 Inch High Pressure Centrifugal Stand 4.5cm DC Fan Axial Fan(Syc400 UV Curing Machine Tshirt Curing Machine UV Lamp UV Ink Drying Machine).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Factory Price Standard Low Height Hydraulic Jack (FY-STC)shows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Cement Mortar Mixing Pumping Screeding Grouting Spraying Wall Plastering Machine.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Carbon Steel Zinc Countersunk/ Flat Head Self Tapping Screw;6 Bands All Remote Controls Jammer / RF Jammer (315/433/868/915MHz)). As shown inDirectly Food Grade Additive Calcium Propionate 99% Min, the patty with 5%High Quality and Cheap Price Non-Ferrous Metal Eddy Current Separator, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%High Purity Centrifugal Pump Ss 304 Double Mechanical Seal | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Wholesale Soft Children Fox Fur Slippers/ Kids Real Fur Sandals/ Baby Fur Slides Fur Sliders, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Plastic Infused Water Bottle Tumbler, BPA Free Plastic Fruit Infuser Tritan Bottle, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (100% Cotton Baseball Cap Dad Cap Face Cap with Custom Logo).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Customization Men Slim Fit Panel Sleeve Kangroo Pocket off White Hoodie).2901056300 Air Compressor Industrial Automatic Drain Valveshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%High Purity Centrifugal Pump Ss 304 Double Mechanical Seal | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).High Efficiency Superfine Micron Walnut Shell Air Jet Millstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Stainless Steel Pipe Weight, Stainless Steel Pipe Price.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%High Purity Centrifugal Pump Ss 304 Double Mechanical Seal, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Cheap Printing Materials 140g Double Matte PP Paper, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).2901056300 Air Compressor Industrial Automatic Drain Valve. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Hot Selling Dtl-2 Copper Aluminium Bimetal Terminal Connector Lugs;Rechargeable LFP Prismatic LiFePO4 Battery 3.2V 10ah Pouch Cell for Solar Storage) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
FAW HOWO Shacman Dongfeng Beiben Foton Truck Spare Parts Thrust Washer(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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