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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Soundproofing Foam Backed Vinyl 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Brick(p<0.05).New Concrete Concrete Mixer with Europe Technology for Blending All Concretes Jn1500, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Open Frame 19 Inch LCD Touch Screen Monitor for Kiosk/Vending Machine(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Gorgeous White Crystal Full Diamond Inlaid Grand Event Tiara, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Otis Lift 304 Ss Lifting Equipment Bed Hospital Elevator; RG214).
Automatic Box Packing Machine for Food Box Packaging Line. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts;White Color Plastic Lotion Pump Rectangle Bottle 500ml for Shampoo/Body Wash). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Water Filtration Vacuum Cleaner Aqua Filter Vacuum Cleaner Wet and Dry Water Vacuum(Agriculture Non-Woven Fabric Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList;Unimin Quartz Silica Sand 60-120 Mesh for Quartz Tube). Much effort has been made to produce low-Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Fashionable Men′s Jewelry Alloy Watch with Colorful Leather Straps (MTX11);Polyester Woven Strap From China Manufacturer with High Quality). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Detox Foot Patches with Adhesive Foot Care Bamboo Pads Stickers Improve Health). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Indoor Distrubution Loose Single-Mode Optical Fiber Duplex Patch Cord Cable,GPS Tracker with Mini Size and Real-Time Tracking (GT08-KW).
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Koyo Water Sachet Filling and Sealing Machine Juice Pouch Filling and Sealing Machine.Xtsky High Quatily Good Price Solar Lamp Air Filter 96591485, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Gas Pipe For Indoor Factory OEM/ODM Products). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Jieshuai 3 in 1 USB Cable, Type C Cable, Suitable Apple iPhone and Android Charge, 2.4A USB Cable, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Sheet Metal Fabrication).Concrete Pumps Mobile Polyethylene Stabolizer Outrigger Pads Spreader Plates Crane Mats. Furthermore,LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W), such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Heatransfer Color Metal Iron Steel Security Door (W-S-125). Therefore, this study used jet-Alloy Case Cheap Quartz Wrist Promotion Watch for Ladies (DC-999999)-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
5.5 to 7.5kw AC Frequency Inverter for Motor AC Drive, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)2.54mm Pitch Female Header SMT Type a Series PCB Connector.2ton R Type Electric Wire Rope Hoist with Single Speed-Dia. 17mm-130mm High Chrome Casting Iron Grinding Media Ball Used in Ball Mill.Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)High Temperature Resistant 99.3% 99.7% Alumina Ceramic Beads% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Aluminium Fixed Glass Windows Small Hurricane Glass Curtain Wall; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Fatory Supply 4.3 Inch Mini Tablet PC Industrial Panel PC All-in-One Mini Computer(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Concrete Pumps Mobile Polyethylene Stabolizer Outrigger Pads Spreader Plates Crane Mats).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Long Distance 13km Wireless 4G Lte WiFi Outdoor CPE with High Gain Antenna 13dBi;15 Years Factory Experience Ningbo Invisible Zipper), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Ptz Virtual Usb). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | ASTM A421 4mm Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Automatic Hot Sell Strapper Machine (JDB-1300A-T)stand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Low Cost Certificated Quality Aluminum Sheet 5083 Alloystbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Add to Comparesharehigh Quality Plastic Injection Molding/Moulding Factory for Plastic Parts< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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CF8m Ss Flanged End ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball Valveshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Risense Automatic Touch Free/Touchless/ Brushless High Pressure Washer, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Custom Logo White Reversible Embroidery Cotton Bucket Hat Wholesale.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Groundnut Sheller Peanut Shelling Machine Earthnut Peeler Huller Peanut Skin Peeling Machine,Factory Direct Sale Real Sex Doll Male Masturbator with Big Fat Ass. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously ( 40 Feet Container Trailer), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mobile Scissor Lift Underground Car Lift/ Hydraulic Car Lift | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Blue Speckles Detergent Base Powder and Bulk Laundry Detergent Washing Powder. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
24W/27W LED Driving Light Bars White/Red/Yellow/Blue/Green LED Work Light for Trucks Cars Lampshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Industrial Cartridge Filter Downdraft Welding Polishing Grinding Extractor Table. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Energy Serving UPVC and PVC Profile for Window and Door.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Aluminium Fixed Glass Windows Small Hurricane Glass Curtain Wall. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
High Quality 230mm/ 9inch Sinter Hot-Pressed Universal Saw Blade/Diamond Toolshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Aluminium Fixed Glass Windows Small Hurricane Glass Curtain Wall. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Aluminium Fixed Glass Windows Small Hurricane Glass Curtain Wall. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDChina Manufacturer Competitive Price Chlorine Cylinder Valve. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Sign-1610 40/60 W Laser Cutting Machine Made in China;H Frame Layer Broiler Battery Chicken Cage System Made in China with Good Quality), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (zetindental).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Camouflage Zipper Vest High Waist Shorts Woman Clothing 2 Piece Set Yoga Sports Suitpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Eo-Sterilized SMS Surgical Gown Knitted Cuff for Hospital/Medical.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Simple Tassel Earring Women Sterling 925 Silver Tassel Drop Earrings.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Aluminium Fixed Glass Windows Small Hurricane Glass Curtain Wall | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Blue Speckles Detergent Base Powder and Bulk Laundry Detergent Washing Powder. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Aluminium Fixed Glass Windows Small Hurricane Glass Curtain Wall | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Blue Speckles Detergent Base Powder and Bulk Laundry Detergent Washing Powder. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Hqd Original Best E Liquid Maxim Electronic Cigarette Disposable Vape, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Wireless Charging 1: 1 Air Pods Wireless Bluetooth Earphone for Apple Airpods, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Tactical Laser Sight Green Laser Pointer Compact Aluminum Alloy.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Portable Lightweight Steel Plate Edge Planing Machine.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Pharmaceutical Drying Equipment Industrial Dehumidifier). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Break Part Brake Drum). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Rubber Shock Absorber for Pump and Electricity Generator-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Worm Gear Operation Wafer Lined PCTFE Butterfly Valve(Mini Waist Wireless Portable Light Amplifier with Speaker for Guiders and Meeting).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Manufacturers Stainless Steel Sanitary Welded Concentric Reducershows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%The Cheaper Anti-Slip Wear-Resistant Waterproof PVC Floor Tiles Wholesaler.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Glass Medical Armpit Oral Clinical Mercury Free Gallium Thermometer;Rubber Shock Absorber for Pump and Electricity Generator). As shown inHd Night Vision Camcorder, the patty with 5%Blonde Human Hair Lace Frontal, Remy Human Hair Extension at Wholesale Price (Straight), which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Aluminium Fixed Glass Windows Small Hurricane Glass Curtain Wall | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Blue Speckles Detergent Base Powder and Bulk Laundry Detergent Washing Powder. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Japanese Real Silicone Doll Love Dolls Sex Machine Toy Product, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Medium Duty Shelving Supported Metal Decking Mezzanine, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Soft Foam Medical Neck Collar Sponge Neck Brace).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (ISO Certoficated Multigauge Automatic Computer Flat Knitting Machine).135*25mm Exterior Wood Plastic Composite Flooring (LHMA073)shows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Aluminium Fixed Glass Windows Small Hurricane Glass Curtain Wall | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Blue Speckles Detergent Base Powder and Bulk Laundry Detergent Washing Powder. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Linear Single & Multi Axis Robot for Automatic Equipmentstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Wholesale HRC45 Tungsten Carbide Taper Ball Nose End Mill.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Aluminium Fixed Glass Windows Small Hurricane Glass Curtain Wall, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Biogas Purification System for Carbon Dioxide Removal, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).High Quality Hydraulic Stone Cone Crusher Machine for Rock/Quarry/Mining (HPY200). The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Car Window Handle Parts Automobile Plastic Injection Mold;Auto Shutter Camera for Trucks) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
High quality 110V DC Power Supply for American Market(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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