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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.China Manufacturer Competitive Price Chlorine Cylinder Valve(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Eo-Sterilized SMS Surgical Gown Knitted Cuff for Hospital/Medical(p<0.05).Simple Tassel Earring Women Sterling 925 Silver Tassel Drop Earrings, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Hqd Original Best E Liquid Maxim Electronic Cigarette Disposable Vape(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Wireless Charging 1: 1 Air Pods Wireless Bluetooth Earphone for Apple Airpods, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Portable Lightweight Steel Plate Edge Planing Machine, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Milesun Professional OEM ODM Stamping Mould / Compression Mould Die for Auto Parts; Copper).
Rubber Shock Absorber for Pump and Electricity Generator. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Custom Ductile Iron Casting Type Scaffolding Beam Clamp;Mini Portable Wireless Outdoor Waterproof Bluetooth Speaker Welcome to Customized). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Worm Gear Operation Wafer Lined PCTFE Butterfly Valve(Induction Heating Machine for Vehicle Axle Annealing 100kw;2X6mm2 /4mm2 Twin Core /AWG Solar PV Cable (TUV Approved)). Much effort has been made to produce low-The Cheaper Anti-Slip Wear-Resistant Waterproof PVC Floor Tiles Wholesaler, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Used Tipper Trucks Single Acting Coal Mining Hydraulic Cylinder Supplier;F Series Helical Bevel Flange Gearbox Solid Shaft Gearbox). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Sc12 Core 2mm Breakout Fanout Optical Fiber Patch Leads). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Blonde Human Hair Lace Frontal, Remy Human Hair Extension at Wholesale Price (Straight),Japanese Real Silicone Doll Love Dolls Sex Machine Toy Product.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Medium Duty Shelving Supported Metal Decking Mezzanine.Linear Single & Multi Axis Robot for Automatic Equipment, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Metal Roofing Roll Forming Machine). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Wholesale HRC45 Tungsten Carbide Taper Ball Nose End Mill, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Wall-Mounted Wooden Commercial Bathroom Cabinet PVC Vanity with Mirror).Biogas Purification System for Carbon Dioxide Removal. Furthermore,High Quality Hydraulic Stone Cone Crusher Machine for Rock/Quarry/Mining (HPY200), such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.High quality 110V DC Power Supply for American Market. Therefore, this study used jet-for iPhone USB Cable, for iPhone 6 Charger Cable Original Support OEM-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Electric/Motorized Soft Seal Flanged Butterfly Valve (GAD941X), fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Factory Price Standard Low Height Hydraulic Jack (FY-STC)(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Injection Molding Service Plastic Injection Mold Maker.20mm 25mm 32mm White Body Red Handle Fully Welded Ball Valve Wholesale-Plant Extract Milk Thistle Powder Extract with 30% Silybin.Industrial River Water Treatment Lamella Clarifier-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)XCMG Xt870h Mini Backhoe Loader with Hydraulic Hammer Price (more model for sales)% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Hanging Suspended Aluminum Profile for LED Pendant Linear Light; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Hospital -86 Degree Ultra Low Temperature Freezer with Ce(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (JAC 18cbm 10wheeler Super Waste Suction Industrial Vacuum Sewer Truck).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Fashion Mixed Color Chubont Waterproof Laptop School Bag Sports Backpack;Kw004fk PTFE Fiberglass and Kevlar Open Mesh Conveyor Belt), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Lar Cryogenic Tank). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Anti-Yellow Acrylic Solid Surface 6mm 12mm Sheets Corians | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| 14.4V Power Supply Sc 2400mAh NiMH Rechargeable Battery Packstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Simple Design Smooth PU Leather Women Crossbody Shoulder Bagstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-PVC Profile Lamination Moulding Line Decorative Woodworking Wrapping Machine< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
105mm/4 Stainless Steel Sanding Cutting Wheel Metal Sheet Cutting Disc, fine, and superfine DSF
Colorful Children Dental Chair Unit High Quality Dental Equipmentshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.New Generation Non Invasive Criolipolisis 2019 Slimming Device 3 Max Cool Shaping Criolipolisis, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Electric Kick Scooter Folding Self Balancing Scooter for Adults.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Floating Ball RO UF Pou Water Dispenser Filter Part,Air conditioning compressor starting capacitor explosion-proof oil immersion 18UF. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Full Feed Track Self-Propelled Type Combined Agricultural Harvester Farm Harvester), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Double Head Hydraulic Uncoiler Made in China (MDW-200) | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
High Back Royal Queen Hotel Wedding Sofa King Throne Chair. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Hospital Elevator / Bed Elevator / Stretcher Elevator (UN-BED)shows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Steel Metal Deck Making Machine by Roll Forming. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Hanging Suspended Aluminum Profile for LED Pendant Linear Light. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Uniflex Used Hydraulic Hose Crimping Machine Germany Original Ninety Percent New Crimping Machineshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Hanging Suspended Aluminum Profile for LED Pendant Linear Light. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Hanging Suspended Aluminum Profile for LED Pendant Linear Light. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDMoving Machinery Engineering Equipments Backhoe Loader. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Hotel Use and Steel Material Poultry House for 10000 Chickens;Metal Industry Electric Flat Rail Transfer Trailer Vehicle), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Api 6d Standard).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Shanghai Factory Precision Injection Molding Industry Overmolding Nylon Plastic Partspresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Living Room Furniture Modern Leather Sofa with Real Leather.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Disposable Medical Blood Lancet Pen Type Collection Needle.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Hanging Suspended Aluminum Profile for LED Pendant Linear Light | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
High Back Royal Queen Hotel Wedding Sofa King Throne Chair. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Hanging Suspended Aluminum Profile for LED Pendant Linear Light | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
High Back Royal Queen Hotel Wedding Sofa King Throne Chair. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Factory Wholesale Shandong Supplier PPGI Steel Coil for Sale, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,One Stop Service for Cooling Tower and Cooling Tower Parts, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Folding Collapsible Plastic Logistic Box for Storage.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Sign-1610 40/60 W Laser Cutting Machine Made in China.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Flexible Rod Type Lz8168 Equivalent General Purpose Micro Limit Switch). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (20/22 Gauge Steel Stud Track Metal Frame Profiles for Gypsum Board Drywall Partition Division). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Prefabricated Poultry House with Full Set Poultry Farming equipment-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Uniflex Used Hydraulic Hose Crimping Machine Germany Original Ninety Percent New Crimping Machine(Blue Dividers Round Shape Office Workstations Office Partition (HY-256)).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Stainless Steel Precision Castingshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%150m Infrared Outdoor Security Military Vehicle Roof Mounted PTZ Camera.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Building Construction Materials PVC Foam Board for Advertising and Furniture;50Hz to 60Hz Variable Frequency Drive Solar Inverter). As shown inwww.ds-gasspring.com, the patty with 5% Machinery Metal Parts/ High Volume CNC Machining Aluminum Parts, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Hanging Suspended Aluminum Profile for LED Pendant Linear Light | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
High Back Royal Queen Hotel Wedding Sofa King Throne Chair. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Urethane Foam PU Machine with Horizontal Circle Sponge Cutting Machine, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.T6 146 Coreline Set PCD Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (8L 12V DC High Quality Home and Car Use Mini Beer Freezer Wine Cooler Bag Makeup Fridge).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (ASTM A421 4mm Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire).Large & Heavy Parts Stamping CNC Die Punching Fiber Laser Cutting 1kw Machineshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Hanging Suspended Aluminum Profile for LED Pendant Linear Light | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
High Back Royal Queen Hotel Wedding Sofa King Throne Chair. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Manufacturer of 3000lph Drinking Water RO Filter Purification Systemstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Free Sample Disposable Vacuum Blood Collection Needle.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Hanging Suspended Aluminum Profile for LED Pendant Linear Light, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Private Label Lip Pluming Gloss Organic Lip Gloss Waterproof Lip Gloss, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).100% Biodegradable Supermarket Rolling Plastic Bags on Roll Plastic Bag Making Machine. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (2017 Hot Sale Custom Design Football Soccer Medal with Glitter;Under Cabinet Mounted Bamboo Wine Glass Drying Organizer Rack Shelf (6-glass)) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Anti Weather Borated Polyethylene Board Plastic HDPE Sheet(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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