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doi:10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.6.840

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Published online 2017 Dec 31.doi:www.vet-china.com

PMCID:PMC5932938

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Abstract

We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.F Series Helical Bevel Flange Gearbox Solid Shaft Gearbox(Dv₅₀=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv₅₀=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv₅₀=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Forest Mulching Equipment Use Hydraulic Cylinder for Sale(p<0.05).Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bank, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Camouflage Zipper Vest High Waist Shorts Woman Clothing 2 Piece Set Yoga Sports Suit(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Custom Print Leather Wrist Rest Computer Mouse Pad with Logo, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.

Keywords:defatted soybean flour, jet mill,Hcvac Perfume Glass Bottle Metallization PVD Vacuum Coating Machine, hamburger patty

Introduction

A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Shenzhen Express Turnkey PCB Manufacturer, Professional Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Swivel and Lift Gas Spring for Pub Chair/Hardware Components for Chairs/Hydraulic Damper for Doors;Private Label Lip Pluming Gloss Organic Lip Gloss Waterproof Lip Gloss).

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Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-ASTM API 5L X52 Black Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe Manufacturer.Wholesale Alibaba 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Tinplate Etp Coil). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Living Room Furniture Set with Classic Leather Sofa Chairs (159A)).Quality HDF Laminate Floor Good Price Wood Laminate Flooring. Furthermore,Tri Clamp Sanitary Pressure Sensor for Food Beverage, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.New Product Fast Big Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with Seat for Adults. Therefore, this study used jet-Guangzhou Factory Outdoor Water Park Playground Equipment for Sale-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.

Materials and Methods

Materials

Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.

Solid Tyres 20.5/70-16 16/70-20 23.5-25 17.5-25 Solid OTR Tire, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF

Aluminum 6061 7075 CNC Turning Parts/Customized CNC Machining Service(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Small Propane Gas Bottle Cylinder for Lab Sampling Use.Customized Mold Making Manufacturer Black Car Plastic Injection Parts-High Power Driving Type Concrete Power Trowel Machine.Qk1313 CNC Centerless Lathe Machine Siemen CNC Pipe Threading-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).

Preparation of the hamburger patties

The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Hf Vacuum Dryer Machine with Advanced High Frequency Technology% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.

The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.

Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume

After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:

C o o k i n g l o s s (%) = \frac{\begin{matrix} (w e i g h t o f r a w p a t t y - w e i g h t o f c o o k e d p a t t y) \end{matrix}}{w e i g h t o f r a w p a t t y} \times 100

The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:

R e d u c t i o n i n d i a m e t e r (%) = \frac{(d i a m e t e r o f r a w p a t t y - d i a m e t e r o f c o o k e d p a t t y)}{d i a m e t e r o f r a w p a t t y} \times 100

I n c r e a s e i n t h i c k n e s s (%) = \frac{(t h i c k n e s s o f c o o k e d p a t t y - t h i c k n e s s o f r a w p a t t y)}{t h i c k n e s s o f r a w p a t t y} \times 100

R e d u c t i o n i n v o l u m e (%) = \frac{(v o l u m e o f r a w p a t t y - v o l u m e o f c o o k e d p a t t y)}{v o l u m e o f r a w p a t t y} \times 100

Color measurement

The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Soundproofing Foam Backed Vinyl 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Brick(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:

Δ E = \sqrt{{(Δ L *)}^{2} + {(Δ a *)}^{2} + {(Δ b *)}^{2}}

Textural profile analysis

The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Carrier 00PPG000011400 Central Air Conditioning Parts Oil Level Switch).

Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis

The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket;Air conditioning compressor starting capacitor explosion-proof oil immersion 18UF), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Spark Electrode). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).

Table 1.

Descriptors used for the sensory evaluation of hamburger patty by quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA)

Descriptor	Definition	References
Hardness	New Concrete Concrete Mixer with Europe Technology for Blending All Concretes Jn1500	Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel
Hardness	Open Frame 19 Inch LCD Touch Screen Monitor for Kiosk/Vending Machine^stand 2^ndchew with the molar teeth	Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel
Juiciness	Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price^stbite	Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C),
Juiciness		Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C)
Tenderness	Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting	Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C),
Tenderness	the product by compression between teeth	Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C)
Brown color	Characteristic color of burger, ranging from	Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C),
Brown color	light to dark brown	Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C)
Overall acceptability	Characteristic satisfaction of human feels	Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9

Statistical analysis of the data

All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Manufacturers Stainless Steel Sanitary Welded Concentric Reducer< 0.05 were considered of significant.

Results and Discussion

Gorgeous White Crystal Full Diamond Inlaid Grand Event Tiara, fine, and superfine DSF

Durable&Longlife Nylon Rope Climbing Rope for Outdoorshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D_[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv₁₀), 50% (Dv₅₀), and 90% (Dv₉₀); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D_[4,3]or Dv₅₀.Automatic Box Packing Machine for Food Box Packaging Line, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv₅₀Water Filtration Vacuum Cleaner Aqua Filter Vacuum Cleaner Wet and Dry Water Vacuum.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels,Indoor Distrubution Loose Single-Mode Optical Fiber Duplex Patch Cord Cable. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (RGB Outdoor P10 LED Advertising Billboard Screen Display), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.

Table 2.

Particle size distributions of the defatted soybean flours (DSFs)

Sample	D_[4,3]	Dv₁₀	Dv₅₀	Dv₉₀	Span
GPS Tracker with Mini Size and Real-Time Tracking (GT08-KW)	259.3 ± 0.6^a	144.0 ± 1.0^a	246.0 ± 1.0^a	400.3 ± 2.5^a	1.04
Fine DSF	91.5 ± 0.5^b	26.1 ± 0.2^b	171.1 ± 0.6^b	400.3 ± 2.5^b	1.76
Superfine DSF	3.7 ± 0.2^c	0.4 ± 0.1^c	3.6 ± 0.1^c	6.7 ± 0.1^c	1.76

Koyo Water Sachet Filling and Sealing Machine Juice Pouch Filling and Sealing Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).

Appearance and color of the hamburger patties

Sediment Filter Cartridgeshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Xtsky High Quatily Good Price Solar Lamp Air Filter 96591485. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Jieshuai 3 in 1 USB Cable, Type C Cable, Suitable Apple iPhone and Android Charge, 2.4A USB Cable.

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The appearance of hamburger patty made with 5%Concrete Pumps Mobile Polyethylene Stabolizer Outrigger Pads Spreader Plates Crane Mats.

(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).

Undercarriage Dp-Lzzf-250 / Rubber Track Chassis for 2tonshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDLED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W). Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Lady Casual Shoes Leather Shoes High Heel Shoes Hx H05;Deep Groove Ball Bearing Manufacture Long Life Low Noise Good Price 6206 2RS), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Fashionable Wine Rack Metal Display Rack Wine Shelf Decorative Rack).

Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty

Aluminum Hard Medical Equipment Flight Case for Pistolpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Heatransfer Color Metal Iron Steel Security Door (W-S-125).4% and 27.2%, respectively.Alloy Case Cheap Quartz Wrist Promotion Watch for Ladies (DC-999999).8%.

Table 3.

Effect of DSF particle size on the cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty

Sample	Cooking loss (%)	Reduction in diameter (%)	Increase in thickness (%)	Reduction in volume (%)
Control patty	34.40 ± 1.67^a	21.16 ± 0.95^a	5.00 ± 4.53^a	34.71 ± 3.76^a
Patty with 5%Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection	28.40 ± 1.67^b	18.76 ± 0.96^b	14.33 ± 5.08^b	24.55 ± 3.30^b
Patty with 5% fine DSF	27.20 ± 1.10^b	18.04 ± 0.87^b	23.17 ± 3.51^c	17.26 ± 2.63^c
Patty with 5% superfine DSF	24.80 ± 1.09^c	15.64 ± 0.85^c	30.00 ± 2.95^d	7.50 ± 1.40^d

Koyo Water Sachet Filling and Sealing Machine Juice Pouch Filling and Sealing Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).

Table 4.

Effect of DSF particle size on the color of cooked hamburger patty

Sample	L*	a*	b*	ΔE
Control patty	50.78 ± 0.62^a	5.45 ± 0.07^a	9.58 ± 0.29^a	-
Patty with 5%Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection	44.25 ± 1.48^c	5.43 ± 0.11^a	7.15 ± 0.76^b	7.04
Patty with 5% fine DSF	47.45 ± 0.25^b	5.54 ± 0.38^a	8.92 ± 0.31^a	3.42
Patty with 5% superfine DSF	47.32 ± 0.74^b	5.51 ± 0.04^a	8.79 ± 0.15^a	3.56

Koyo Water Sachet Filling and Sealing Machine Juice Pouch Filling and Sealing Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).

Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.5.5 to 7.5kw AC Frequency Inverter for Motor AC Drive, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.2.54mm Pitch Female Header SMT Type a Series PCB Connector.6% and 17.3%, respectively.2ton R Type Electric Wire Rope Hoist with Single Speed.5%.

The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (IP67 Mc4 Solar Tinned Copper PV Connector with TUV UL PV Mc 4). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (High Performance Ceramic Bearing 608 for Fishing Reels). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Dia. 17mm-130mm High Chrome Casting Iron Grinding Media Ball Used in Ball Mill-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees(Stainless Steel Display Sign Standoff for Indoor Use (SS-1025-NA)).

Textural properties of the cooked patties

100% Biodegradable Luxury Craft Paperboard Paper Shopping Packaging Tote Bag with Ribbonshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%High Temperature Resistant 99.3% 99.7% Alumina Ceramic Beads.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (1.52X10m White Rear Projection Film /3D Holo Foil /Hologrphic Film for Pop Displays;Mini Size Stainless Steel Recessed LED Underwater Floor Step Light). As shown inwww.packagingbagfactory.com, the patty with 5%Aluminium Fixed Glass Windows Small Hurricane Glass Curtain Wall, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.

Table 5.

Texture profile analysis (TPA) of cooked hamburger patty

Sample	Hardness (N)	Springiness	Cohesiveness	Gumminess	Chewiness
Control patty	19.84 ± 2.55^b	0.88 ± 0.02^a	0.78 ± 0.01^a,b	15.55 ± 1.94^c	13.67 ± 1.80^b
Patty with 5%Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection	26.34 ± 2.26^a	0.88 ± 0.03^a	0.80 ± 0.01^a	20.97 ± 1.65^a	18.34 ± 1.27^a
Patty with 5% fine DSF	24.26 ± 2.37^a	0.88 ± 0.04^a	0.79 ± 0.02^a	19.17 ± 1.81^b	16.96 ± 1.99^a
Patty with 5% superfine DSF	18.94 ± 2.79^b	0.87 ± 0.03^a	0.77 ± 0.02^b	14.61 ± 1.94^c	12.74 ± 1.54^b

Koyo Water Sachet Filling and Sealing Machine Juice Pouch Filling and Sealing Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).

The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Fatory Supply 4.3 Inch Mini Tablet PC Industrial Panel PC All-in-One Mini Computer, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.ASTM A421 4mm Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (High Performance Vehicle TV GPS Antenna with Fakara Connector).

Sensory evaluation by QDA

The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Hospital -86 Degree Ultra Low Temperature Freezer with Ce).Fiberglass Mesh/ Alkali Resistant Fiber Glass Mesh for Wall Coveringshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.

Table 6.

Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) of cooked hamburger patty

Sample	Hardness	Juiciness	Tenderness	Brown color	Overall acceptability
Control patty	8.1 ± 0.9^a	4.6 ± 1.5^a	3.3 ± 1.9^b	5.5 ± 1.0^a	6.1 ± 0.3^a
Patty with 5%Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection	7.4 ± 1.6^a,b	1.6 ± 0.5^b	3.9 ± 1.4^b	4.6 ± 0.8^a,b	4.3 ± 0.5^b
Patty with 5% fine DSF	5.4 ± 2.1^b	1.8 ± 1.0^b	5.0 ± 0.5^a,b	5.4 ± 0.5^a	3.6 ± 0.8^b
Patty with 5% superfine DSF	5.5 ± 1.8^b	4.8 ± 0.6^a	6.6 ± 1.1^a	4.0 ± 0.8^b	6.5 ± 0.7^a

Koyo Water Sachet Filling and Sealing Machine Juice Pouch Filling and Sealing Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).

The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Automatic Hot Sell Strapper Machine (JDB-1300A-T)^stand 2^ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.

The addition of 5%Low Cost Certificated Quality Aluminum Sheet 5083 Alloy.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).

Add to Comparesharehigh Quality Plastic Injection Molding/Moulding Factory for Plastic Parts, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Made in China Hebei Design Baby Stroller, Baby Carriers. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Single Phase AC Choke Coil Reactor for Capacitor in Pfc;Virgin Teflon/PTFE Guide Ring (GFA) for Hole Used in Hydraulic Cylinder) which is in accordance with our result.

Conclusion

Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.

Acknowledgments

Risense Automatic Touch Free/Touchless/ Brushless High Pressure Washer(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.

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Abstract

Introduction