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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Fiber Optic Terminal Equipment 1ge Epon ONU with WiFi(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Quick Installation Strong Prefabricated House Kit for Temporary Office and Living on Site(p<0.05).Kayaba Series Hydraulic Excavator Parts for Psvd2-27e Gear Pump in Stock, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Best Design Educational Wooden Bead Maze Toy for Kids W12D193(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).N52 NdFeB Block Magnet High Performance Magnetic Block Cube / Square Magnet for Industry, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,High Performance Vehicle TV GPS Antenna with Fakara Connector, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Free Sample High Quality Air Conditioning Dp Contactor;CNC Precision Machined/Machine/Machining Steel Components Parts).
Multi-Blade Circular Power Saw Blade for Sharpening Machine. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Custom Cute Car Hard Enamel Black Nickel Metal Pin Badge;Wellgo F265 Black Folding Bicycle Pedals Aluminum Folded Pedal). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Anti-Radiation Enhance Immunity Yeast Beta Glucan Powder(Yangtze 1kw off Grid Solar Pumping Irrigation System for Agriculture;Eo-Sterilized SMS Surgical Gown Knitted Cuff for Hospital/Medical). Much effort has been made to produce low-Ts16949 Customized Aluminum/Copper/Zinc/Stainless Steel Cold Forging for Auto Parts, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Yca ISO5657 Ball Valves Type Hydraulic Quick Coupling;Easy Click Vinyl Flooring/Spc Flooring Manufacturer (2-8mm)). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (G80 Lashing Chains for Chain Tensioner W/High Tensile C Hook). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.OEM Aluminum Auto Accessories CNC Machining Plastic Injection Mold Part,Custom Cute Car Hard Enamel Black Nickel Metal Pin Badge.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-New Exhibition Good Quality Election Campaign T-Shirts.Anatase Titanium Dioxide TiO2 for Paint and Coating La101, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Tune Manufacturer for Mango Fruit Washing Waxing and Grading Machine). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,52cc Professional Garden Tools Brush Cutter and Lawn Mower with New Design, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Corrugated Polycarbonate Roof Sheet for Swimming Pool).Male Garment Suit Business Travel Sports Fitness Storage Duffel Duffle Pack Case Bag (CY9910). Furthermore,Alkali-Resistant Fiberglass Net for Eifs 10X10mm, 125G/M2, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Aluminum Hard Medical Equipment Flight Case for Pistol. Therefore, this study used jet-Blue Dividers Round Shape Office Workstations Office Partition (HY-256)-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)High Precision Wood Laser Engraving Cutting Machine 1390 1325% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)HPMC Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose with Industrial Grade(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Deep-Hole Screw Locking Robot/ Benchtop 4-Axis Screw Fastening Robot).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Auto Spare Parts Anti-Slip 7D Diamond Design Beige Color Car Mats for Corolla;Custom Different Size Colored Vulcanized Silicone / NBR Rubber O-Ring), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Mic Professional Supplier Colour Coated Galvanized Steel PPGL/PPGI Japan Coils). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Hydraulic Double Roller Crusher for Coal Crushing | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Professional Frame Steel Panel 4 Inch PP Wheel 11′ 16′ Drywall Panel Lifterstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Hot Sale Ultrasonic Vacuum Cavitation Lipo Reduction Slimming Machinestbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Aluminum Coils H111 H116 H14 H24 H32 (1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 5083 5754)< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
CNC Laser Metal Cutting Machine, Laser Cutting Machine 500W 1000W, fine, and superfine DSF
Micro Medical Instrumentsshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Elastic Laces Dyeing and Finishing Machine with High Speed, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Electric Four Wheel Scooter Mobility Scooter (FP-EMS01).3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.1.52X10m White Rear Projection Film /3D Holo Foil /Hologrphic Film for Pop Displays,250A 3 Pole Load Disconnect Switch AC/DC Main Isolator. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Plant Extract Coconut Oil Powder Extract Mct Oil Powder), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dining Furniture Restaurant Dining Set Stainless Steel Marble Dining Table | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
16oz Wide Mouth Ball Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lid Metal/Store Jam Jar. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Otoscopeshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Mobile Machine Tool Cabinet (OEM Sheet Metal Tool Cabinet). For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Ce Approved Spiral Electric Cable Coiled Wire Power Cable.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Pure Peptide Powder PT-141 for Enhancing Male Power with GMP (ODM)shows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDBest Price 3 Axle 40 ft Flatbed Chassis Leaf Spring Semi Trailers, 40 Feet Container Trailer. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Steel Structure Truss Gas Alibaba Website Galvanized Steel Round Pipe;Top 10 Industrial Gas Oil Fired Steam Boiler Manufacturers in China), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Synthetic Microfiber Leather).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
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Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
16oz Wide Mouth Ball Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lid Metal/Store Jam Jar. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
16oz Wide Mouth Ball Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lid Metal/Store Jam Jar. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.WiFi Thermostat & Temperature Controller for Water Heating, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Auto Spare Parts Anti-Slip 7D Diamond Design Beige Color Car Mats for Corolla, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Ice Hockey Uniform Sublimation Wholesale Cheap Hockey Jersey for Men.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Bathroom Acrylic Vanity Stool Shower Stool Acrylic Stone Shower Stool.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Custom Print Leather Wrist Rest Computer Mouse Pad with Logo). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Hydraulic Garage Jack 3ton). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.High Temperature Furnace for Melting Electric Induction Heater-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,High Quality Polycotton Latex Coated Impact Resistant Glove(Anatase Titanium Dioxide TiO2 for Paint and Coating La101).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Basic Medical Unit for Modern Ozone Therapy (ZAMT-80A)shows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Custom Different Size Colored Vulcanized Silicone / NBR Rubber O-Ring.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Hospital Medical Portable Electric Syringe Pump;Ott X96 Max S905X2 Mini TV Box RAM 4G ROM 32g Support Voice Remote for Android 9.1 Smart TV Box). As shown inAC Floor/Wall Fan Aluminum Shell Motor/Gearbox or Synchronous Motor, the patty with 5%Unique Luxury Lady Man Perfume Bottle Cheap Glass Perfume Sprayer Bottle with Competitive Price, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
16oz Wide Mouth Ball Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lid Metal/Store Jam Jar. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Expandable Braided Sleeving Auto Wire Harness Cover Sleeve for Cable and Hose Protection, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Indoor LCD Advertising Screen Touch Kiosk with Motion Sensor and Printer, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Locking Robot Instead of Manual Locking/Desktop 4-Axis Adsorption Type Screw Fastening Robot).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Factory Supply Wholesale Glass Perfume Bottle 100ml).868MHz 915MHz Anti-Collision OEM UHF Machine Identification RFID Metal Tagshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
16oz Wide Mouth Ball Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lid Metal/Store Jam Jar. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Top Grade Oil Refining Machine/Refined Sunflower Oil Equipmentstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Veterinary Drugs of Tetracycline hydrochloride Bolus 100 tabs.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Gentory Cupc Massage 304 Stainless Steel Shower Panel for Bathroom, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Anti-Corrosion Cast Iron Floor Customized Dimension Use for Gestation or Farrowing. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Long Stroke Hydraulic Cylinder for Constraction Machine;Luzhong-804 80HP 4WD Wheeled Agriculture / Farm Tractor) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Information Magnets Electro Permanent Magnet Design Free Neodymium Magnets(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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