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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Auto Shutter Camera for Trucks, Trailors, Heavy Eqiupments(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Gas Heating Industrial Ironing Machine /Roller Ironing Machine for Hospital (YPA)(p<0.05).New Type Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Seeds, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Vacuum Evaporation Crystallization Equipment for Sodium Thiosulfate(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Ec/Gl Certification 35 Men Self-Righting Inflatable Life Raft, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,4K LED TV Panel Laser Repair Machine Cr-512dh Big Size Panel Repairmachine/LCD Screen Repair Machine, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Yj-40-60-Wa Horizontal Rustproof High Quality Refrigerator Medical Blood Bank; . RoHS Certification).
Aluminum Composite Panel Aluminium Honeycomb Backed Stone Panel. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Cheap Printing Materials 140g Double Matte PP Paper;3020 PVC Acrylic PCB Soft Metal Aluminum Copper Wood Woodworking Mini CNC Milling Machine). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Chaina Brand Air Cooled Condensing Unit for Cold Storage Cold Room(Safety Face Mask;Qk1313 CNC Centerless Lathe Machine Siemen CNC Pipe Threading). Much effort has been made to produce low-Pet Dog Cat Glove Brush Cleaning and Grooming Products, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (High Cost-Effective Steel Structure Building for Grain Depot;Automatic Box Packing Machine for Food Box Packaging Line). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (New Design Cheap 2 in 1 Hair Straightener and Curler). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.ISO9001 China Supplier OEM High Quality Sheet Metal Fabrication,Special Made Perforated Aluminum Panel for The Expo Building in Hongkong (RNB-088).
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Inconel 600 Strip Price Special Alloy 600 Nickel Inconel Plate.Stable Industrial Servo Motor Robot Arm Injection Molding Machine, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Passive Crossover Network). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Baking Tray Die-Custom Stamps-Metal Stamping-Deep Drawings, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Food Grade LLDPE Material OEM Available Plastic Ice Cooler Box).Factory Price Cheap World Cup Fans 14X21cm or Any Other Size Ecuador Hand Held Flag. Furthermore,China High Quality Carbide Thread End Mills for Metal Steel, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Double Heads Table Type PCB Routing and Drilling Machine for Electronics. Therefore, this study used jet-High Speed Pet Bottle Sorting Machine/Pet Recycling Washing System Machine-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)High Brightness 100lm/W 45W CREE COB LED Track Light% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Self-Service Car Washer with High Pressure Water Washing System; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (16oz Wide Mouth Ball Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lid Metal/Store Jam Jar).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Shenzhen Manufacturer 0.3mm Pitch FPC Connector 24pin SMT Connector;100kVA 13.2kv 13.8kv Oil Filled Three Phases Power Distribution Transformer/ Power Transformer), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Wholesale 304 Mirror Gold Titanium Stainless Steel Sheet for Luxury Hotel Wall Panel). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Flat Defence Razor Wire Stainless Steel/Iron/Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Liquid Soap and Liquid Detergent CMC Powder Sodium Tooothpaste Grade CMCstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Camouflage Men Shoulder Bags USB Charging Crossbody Anti-Theft Chest Bagstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Competitive Price Advertising Outdoor Full Color P3.91 LED Display Screen with Moveable Installation< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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360eye S Mini Fisheye 720p HD P2p Wireless IP Camerashows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Dental Product of Sapphire Bracket with Ce Certificate, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Chinese Biggest Used Truck Market - Used Truck Crane Sany Stc25 with 25t Lifting with Best Price.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.(SP-EC489) Wholesale Cafe Restaurant Used Solid Wood Dining Chair,Durable Stainless Steel 304 304 L Water Well Casing Pipe. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Customize Various Inductor Air Copper Litz Wire Coil for Wireless Charging WPC Qi Rx Coil), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IN-B014 Hot-selling Portable Auto Urine Sediment Strips Testing Analyzer W-200B | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Lady Casual Shoes Leather Shoes High Heel Shoes Hx H05. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
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(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Self-Service Car Washer with High Pressure Water Washing System. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Wholesale Doshower Office Barber Shop Hair Salon Customer Chairshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Self-Service Car Washer with High Pressure Water Washing System. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Self-Service Car Washer with High Pressure Water Washing System. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDOEM Customized Stainless Steel Aluminum Sheet Metal Laser Cutting Bending Welding Forming Parts. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Inconel 600 Strip Price Special Alloy 600 Nickel Inconel Plate;T6 146 Coreline Set PCD Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Trekking E-Bike).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
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Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Self-Service Car Washer with High Pressure Water Washing System | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
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Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Self-Service Car Washer with High Pressure Water Washing System | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Lady Casual Shoes Leather Shoes High Heel Shoes Hx H05. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Automatic Disposable Paper Tea Cup Making Machine for India Market, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,K-100c-5 Work Holding Devices for CNC Milling Machine, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.G80 Lashing Chains for Chain Tensioner W/High Tensile C Hook.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Wholesales Nwt Baseball Christmas Holiday Sports Cap Hat Customized.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Ay-15ml Matte Black Color Roll on Airless Serum Bottle). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (OEM/ODM Custom Made Muslim Bridal Wedding Gown Dress). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Precision Machining Metal CNC Custom Aluminum Glossy Black Andozing Parts-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,New in Poultry Farm 35kg 50kg 100kg/H Diesel Oil/Natural Gas Heat Recovery Steam Generator(Riello Rg5s Bigger Heating Painting Room Paint Booth with Fan on Roof).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Artistic High Grade Stone Texture Aluminum Honeycomb Panel for Facadeshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Power Distribution Large Current Terminal Block Connector.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Glow Pigment for Painting;21FT Aluminium Center Cabin Boat with 360 Walk Around). As shown inFull Color Printing Can Cooler, the patty with 5%Fiber Laser Machine 1000W for Sheet Metal and Tube Cutting, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Self-Service Car Washer with High Pressure Water Washing System | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Lady Casual Shoes Leather Shoes High Heel Shoes Hx H05. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.RF E-Light IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Beauty Machine Equipment, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Wear Resistant Impact Carrying Idler/Roller Installed at The Belt Conveyor, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Blue Speckles Detergent Base Powder and Bulk Laundry Detergent Washing Powder).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Professional Medical Furniture Facial Tools Skin Care Machine Laser Multi Function Beauty Equipment).Alkali-Resistant Fiberglass Net for Eifs 10X10mmshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Self-Service Car Washer with High Pressure Water Washing System | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Lady Casual Shoes Leather Shoes High Heel Shoes Hx H05. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Two PCS Plastic Apple Packaging Box High Quality Transparent Apple Plastic Packagingstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Hot Dipped Galvanized Gabion Basket Gabions Price in Philippines.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Self-Service Car Washer with High Pressure Water Washing System, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Sports Stretch Headband Headwrap Bandana Hair Decoration (P3042), while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Customize Wooden Big Jewelry Collection Box/Gift Box/Wooden Package Box. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Ceramic Grain Abrasive for Making Quality Bonded/Coated Abrasives;Komatsu Hpv75 Hpv95 Excavator Hydraulic Pump Spare Parts) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Ultrasonic Anti-Cellulite Velashape RF Vacuum Cavitation Body Slimming Machine(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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