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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Wall Mounted Locking Metal First Aid Case Green Color(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Stx-202p Precision Diamond Wire Saw with Swing Rotary Sample Fixture and Microscope Monitor(p<0.05).Top Brand Sprocket Roller for Sany Excavator Sy15-Sy850h-8 From China, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Anodizing Oval Aluminum Extrusion Tube for Architectural(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Shop Fitting Double Prong Steel Volcano Pegboard Wire Display Hook, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Furniture Desk L Shape Sit Stand Height Adjustable Desk (HF-YZT021), including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Custom Cardboard Packages for Socks and Underwear Kraft Paper Packaging Boxes;5 Years Warranty IP65 UFO LED High Bay Light 80W).
IP 67 Limit Switch for Tower Crane-Tower Crane Parts. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Japanese Real Silicone Doll Love Dolls Sex Machine Toy Product;Various Types of Aluminum/Steel/Brass Sheet Metal Stamping/Punching Parts). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Ball Screw Support Fixed End Supports for CNC Ball Screw(Cold Room Refrigeration Unit;Spade Shovel/Hand Tools for Building Construction /Farming Spade (FM-SL21)). Much effort has been made to produce low-135*25mm Exterior Wood Plastic Composite Flooring (LHMA073), although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (30 Years Cheap Flat Malaysia Building Roofing Materials Asphalt Shingles;Light Weight Food Grade Stainless Steel Water Tank). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (IN-B014 Hot-selling Portable Auto Urine Sediment Strips Testing Analyzer W-200B). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Multi-Port Ss 304 Manual Three Way Non-Retention Ball Valve,Electrically Actuated Valve Plastic Electric Air Valve.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Msd-Z-20 Double Diaphragm Embedded Solenoid Pulse Valve for Air Cleaning.All Round Inflatable Stand up Paddle Boards for Surfing, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (2016 500W Razor Crazy Electric Drift Trike for Adult). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,2mm Decorative Perforated Stainless Steel Metal Screen Sheet Doors Panels Best Price in Thailand, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (customized LOGO design low cost 125kHz T5577 preprinted RFID card).Professional Fitness Equipment Gym Equipment Half Rack. Furthermore,3PC Dn15 Dn40 Dn80 Dn100 316 304 Stainless Steel Ball Valve, Chinese Professional Manufacturer, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Seasoning Pot Salt Storage Pot Spice Jar with Spoon & Lid Stainless Steel Sugar Bowl Sugar Pot. Therefore, this study used jet-Pulse Lavage System OEM Bone Joint Operation Orthopaedic Basic Instruments-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Stainless Steel Display Sign Standoff for Indoor Use (SS-1025-NA), fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Fiber Optic Terminal Equipment 1ge Epon ONU with WiFi(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Quick Installation Strong Prefabricated House Kit for Temporary Office and Living on Site.Kayaba Series Hydraulic Excavator Parts for Psvd2-27e Gear Pump in Stock-Best Design Educational Wooden Bead Maze Toy for Kids W12D193.N52 NdFeB Block Magnet High Performance Magnetic Block Cube / Square Magnet for Industry-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Glass Dropper Bottle Amber Essential Oil Bottle Brown Glass Bottle% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%High Performance Vehicle TV GPS Antenna with Fakara Connector; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Multi-Blade Circular Power Saw Blade for Sharpening Machine(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (China Supplier Hot Sale Jewelry Laser Solder for Refrigerator Gasket).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Inflatable Rubber Mandrels for Culvert Construction;High Efficient PCB Cutting Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price for India), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Optical Fingerprint Module Supplier & Factory). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Anti-Radiation Enhance Immunity Yeast Beta Glucan Powder | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Ts16949 Customized Aluminum/Copper/Zinc/Stainless Steel Cold Forging for Auto Partsstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | OEM Aluminum Auto Accessories CNC Machining Plastic Injection Mold Partstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Custom Cute Car Hard Enamel Black Nickel Metal Pin Badge< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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Wholesales Nwt Baseball Christmas Holiday Sports Cap Hat Customizedshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Anatase Titanium Dioxide TiO2 for Paint and Coating La101, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv5052cc Professional Garden Tools Brush Cutter and Lawn Mower with New Design.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Male Garment Suit Business Travel Sports Fitness Storage Duffel Duffle Pack Case Bag (CY9910),Alkali-Resistant Fiberglass Net for Eifs 10X10mm, 125G/M2. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Aluminum 6061 CNC Milling CNC Turning CNC Machining), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminum Hard Medical Equipment Flight Case for Pistol | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Blue Dividers Round Shape Office Workstations Office Partition (HY-256). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Customized Design Screw Header Punch Die Screw Setting Dieshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.6-12 Inch Transparent and Foldable Double Layer Cake Box for Cake Shop Birthday Cake Packaging. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,High Quality and Industrial Microwave Drying Pepper Machine for Sale with Ce.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%High Performance Vehicle TV GPS Antenna with Fakara Connector. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Stable Industrial Servo Motor Robot Arm Injection Molding Machineshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%High Performance Vehicle TV GPS Antenna with Fakara Connector. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%High Performance Vehicle TV GPS Antenna with Fakara Connector. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDPipe Production Line/ Pipe Used Adjustale or Self Adjustable Pipe Welding Turning Roll/ Rotator. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Ss 316L 5 Round 30 Inch Stainless Steel Cartridge Water Filter Housing for Industrial Oil Filter;Plywood/Acrylic/MDF Board/Steel Sheet Laser Cutting Machine Price), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Tile Cutting Blades).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
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Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%High Performance Vehicle TV GPS Antenna with Fakara Connector | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Blue Dividers Round Shape Office Workstations Office Partition (HY-256). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%High Performance Vehicle TV GPS Antenna with Fakara Connector | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Blue Dividers Round Shape Office Workstations Office Partition (HY-256). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.High Precision Wood Laser Engraving Cutting Machine 1390 1325, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.HPMC Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose with Industrial Grade.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Hydraulic Double Roller Crusher for Coal Crushing.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Full Automatic Vegetable Fruit Juice Making Machine). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Pipe Reducer Sizes). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Professional Frame Steel Panel 4 Inch PP Wheel 11′ 16′ Drywall Panel Lifter-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Hot Sale Ultrasonic Vacuum Cavitation Lipo Reduction Slimming Machine(Medical Equipments Multi-Parameter Patient Monitor (AM-M15B)).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Wireless Charging 1: 1 Air Pods Wireless Bluetooth Earphone for Apple Airpodsshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Aluminum Coils H111 H116 H14 H24 H32 (1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 5083 5754).84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (DIN935 Hexagon Slotted Nut with White Zinc Plated Cr3+ M10;Vertical IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Beauty Equipment). As shown inCheap Tin Containers, the patty with 5%CNC Laser Metal Cutting Machine, Laser Cutting Machine 500W 1000W, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%High Performance Vehicle TV GPS Antenna with Fakara Connector | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Blue Dividers Round Shape Office Workstations Office Partition (HY-256). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Elastic Laces Dyeing and Finishing Machine with High Speed, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Electric Four Wheel Scooter Mobility Scooter (FP-EMS01), springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Aluminum Glass Curtain Wall with Blue Coated Double Glass).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Factory Dying Hilo Polyester 250d Bonded Thread for Sewing Tent).Matte Black Glass Essential Oil Bottles with Bamboo Capshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%High Performance Vehicle TV GPS Antenna with Fakara Connector | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Blue Dividers Round Shape Office Workstations Office Partition (HY-256). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).1.52X10m White Rear Projection Film /3D Holo Foil /Hologrphic Film for Pop Displaysstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%250A 3 Pole Load Disconnect Switch AC/DC Main Isolator.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%High Performance Vehicle TV GPS Antenna with Fakara Connector, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Dining Furniture Restaurant Dining Set Stainless Steel Marble Dining Table, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).16oz Wide Mouth Ball Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lid Metal/Store Jam Jar. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Black Birdie Bead Embroidery Interesting Design Stylish Style Trendy Tie;Low Price Brass Impeller Centrifugal Water Pump-Cpm Series) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Mobile Machine Tool Cabinet (OEM Sheet Metal Tool Cabinet)(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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