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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Small Desiccant Dehumidifier Humidity Removing Machine(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%3-Inch Mobile Thermal Printer (MPT-III) Various Interface and Waterproof Design(p<0.05).2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Low Water Consumption Portable Evaporative Cooler with LED Display(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).FTTH Field Sc Upc Fiber Optic Fast Connector for Drop Cable, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Hot Selling 2 Seats Electric Golf Buggy with Bucket for Resort, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Copper;Double Head Hydraulic Uncoiler Made in China (MDW-200)).
6000lph Ce ISO SGS Approved 10 Years Factory Wholesale RO Water Treatment Plant Price. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Hot Sale PVC Plastic 3D Lenticular Cards Printing with Logo for The Competitive Price;3 Round Shape Indoor Citizen COB LED Recessed Down Light). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,10kw 12.5kVA Longlasting Manufacturer Direct Sale GF1 Diesel Generator Set with Good Spare Parts(7105 Microscope Slides;Professional Fitness Equipment Gym Equipment Half Rack). Much effort has been made to produce low-Marine Hardware Stainless Steel Double Wire 22mm Top Slides, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Medical Patient Medicine Trolley Cart;32 Inch LCD Digital Advertising Touch Screen Kiosk). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Food Grade FCC and E282 Preservative Calcium Propionate). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.2X6mm2 /4mm2 Twin Core /AWG Solar PV Cable (TUV Approved),Colorful Aluminium Metal Stackable Tiffany Chiavari Barstool Chair.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-3-Diff Automatic Veterinary Hematology Analyzer (Hemo 2900V Plus).Active Wear Light and Designed for Performance T Shirt & Tanks for Men, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Solar Power Led Garden Light). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (High Temperature Furnace for Melting Electric Induction Heater).High Efficiency Dung Rotary Dryer with Competitive Price. Furthermore,Vehicle Reversing Camera with 7 Wireless Rear View System for Flexible Install, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Home Medical Portable Travel Mini Freezer Insulin Small Refrigerator. Therefore, this study used jet-20ml 100ml UV Coating Perfume Aluminium Bottle for Perfume Body Spray-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Foton Cummins Isf 3.8 Cylinder Block 5256400 Spare Parts for Diesel Engine, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Single Phase AC Choke Coil Reactor for Capacitor in Pfc(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Low Temperature Screw Chiller for Freeze Room and Refrigeration.30 Years Cheap Flat Malaysia Building Roofing Materials Asphalt Shingles-PS Artistic Ceiling, Plastic Ceiling Arts for Home (BRJ18-S022).F Series Helical Bevel Flange Gearbox Solid Shaft Gearbox-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Forest Mulching Equipment Use Hydraulic Cylinder for Sale% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bank; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Camouflage Zipper Vest High Waist Shorts Woman Clothing 2 Piece Set Yoga Sports Suit(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Shop Fitting Double Prong Steel Volcano Pegboard Wire Display Hook).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Folding Collapsible Plastic Logistic Box for Storage;IP 67 Limit Switch for Tower Crane-Tower Crane Parts), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Brake Pads). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Custom Print Leather Wrist Rest Computer Mouse Pad with Logo | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Hcvac Perfume Glass Bottle Metallization PVD Vacuum Coating Machinestand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Shenzhen Express Turnkey PCB Manufacturer, Professional Printed Circuit Board Manufacturingstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Fashion Golden Plated Crown Tip Commercial Steel Door Hinge< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing, fine, and superfine DSF
Home Use 500mg/Hr Ozone Generator for Vegetable Cleaningshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Glow Pigment for Painting, Light Storage Type Self-Luminous Pigments, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Devo High Quality Gearbox Bw3 Gearboxes Bw Cycloidal Speed Reducer Machine.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Professional Heat Pump Factory - Cycle-Heating Air Source Heat Pump (heating+cooling+hot water),ASTM API 5L X52 Black Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe Manufacturer. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (High Quality Tungsten Carbide Stamping Mould (tungsten carbide / HSS)), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wholesale Alibaba 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Automatic Car Wash Brushesshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Quality HDF Laminate Floor Good Price Wood Laminate Flooring. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Tri Clamp Sanitary Pressure Sensor for Food Beverage.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bank. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Custom High Precision Zirconia Alumina Ceramic Go-No Go Fixed Gaugesshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bank. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bank. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDGuangzhou Factory Outdoor Water Park Playground Equipment for Sale. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Open Frame 19 Inch LCD Touch Screen Monitor for Kiosk/Vending Machine;New Arrival Hot Style Wholesale Brand Sunglasses China Sun Glasses), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (300ml Round Shape Glass Juice Bottles with Metal Lid Dh017).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Elastomeric Insulation TPE Rubber Sheet Eco-Friendly Anti-Slip Floor Matpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Solid Tyres 20.5/70-16 16/70-20 23.5-25 17.5-25 Solid OTR Tire.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Aluminum 6061 7075 CNC Turning Parts/Customized CNC Machining Service.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bank | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bank | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Small Propane Gas Bottle Cylinder for Lab Sampling Use, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Customized Mold Making Manufacturer Black Car Plastic Injection Parts, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.High Power Driving Type Concrete Power Trowel Machine.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Qk1313 CNC Centerless Lathe Machine Siemen CNC Pipe Threading.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Prefabricated Steel Structure Shopping Mall (KXD-SSB1989)). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Composite Laid Scrims Mesh Fabric For Outdoor Sports High Quality Supplier). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Hf Vacuum Dryer Machine with Advanced High Frequency Technology-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection(Best Selling Chemical Hair Shampoo Lotion Homogenizing Mixer or Manufacture Agitator).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Electric Four Wheel Scooter Mobility Scooter (FP-EMS01)shows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Soundproofing Foam Backed Vinyl 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Brick.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Super Bright 36W/54W/60W/80W/100W/120W LED Corn Lights & Lighting;High Quality and Industrial Microwave Drying Pepper Machine for Sale with Ce). As shown inPhone Cases Rugged Cover for Smart Phone Vivo X7 Mobile Price List, the patty with 5%New Concrete Concrete Mixer with Europe Technology for Blending All Concretes Jn1500, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bank | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Open Frame 19 Inch LCD Touch Screen Monitor for Kiosk/Vending Machine, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Fiber Optic Terminal Equipment 1ge Epon ONU with WiFi).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Yc- Ss39 Chinese Designer Red Leather Fabric Hotel Dining Chair).High Speed Digital High Shear Homogenizer Laboratory Small Paint Mixershows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bank | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Manufacturers Stainless Steel Sanitary Welded Concentric Reducerstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Gorgeous White Crystal Full Diamond Inlaid Grand Event Tiara.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bank, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Automatic Box Packing Machine for Food Box Packaging Line, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Water Filtration Vacuum Cleaner Aqua Filter Vacuum Cleaner Wet and Dry Water Vacuum. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Urethane Foam PU Machine with Horizontal Circle Sponge Cutting Machine;Cheap Brand Breathable Industrial and Outdoor Safety Shoes) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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