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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Carbon Steel Metal Alloy Coil Cold Heading/Forging/Hitting Hardware Part(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Light Weight Food Grade Stainless Steel Water Tank(p<0.05).Laboratory Refrigeration Unit Cooling Circulating Chiller for Rotovap and Reactor, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,868MHz 915MHz Anti-Collision OEM UHF Machine Identification RFID Metal Tag(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Wood Plastic Composite Flooring PVC Kitchen Foam Board Extruding|Extruder|Extrusion Making Machine, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Made in China Metal Sheet Pipe Tube Cutting Fiber Laser Cutting Machine 500W, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Matte Black Glass Essential Oil Bottles with Bamboo Cap;Black Birdie Bead Embroidery Interesting Design Stylish Style Trendy Tie).
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Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Yca ISO5657 Ball Valves Type Hydraulic Quick Coupling.Irregular Shape Bars 304 Stainless Steel Extrusion F Profile, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Ceramic Foam Filter Silicon Carbide/Zirconia/Alumina Honeycomb Filter). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Double Pneumatic Chuck CNC Pipe Screw Cutting Lathe 130mm Bore, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Solder Seal Heat Shrink Connector Assembly with Cable).Natural Blue Honed Sandstone Tiles for Outdoor Wall. Furthermore,Zero Spangle Hot Dipped Galvanized Coil Iron Steel for Roofing, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Delixi SSR 25AA an Electric Voltage Protector Solid State Relay. Therefore, this study used jet-Guangzhou Manufacturer Steel Galvanized Ringlock Scaffolding-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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8.5kVA Single Phase Silent Type Portable Diesel Generators(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Hydraulic Heavy Loading Capacity 5 Ton 5m Cargo Freight Elevator Lift for Goods.CF8m Ss Flanged End ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball Valve-High Technology Water Cooling Microwave Dryer Grain Drying Application Sesame Dryer Machine.Hex22 Tip/Taper Hollow/Integral/Forged/Collar//Rubber/Collared Drill Steels Rod for Stone Quarrying-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)New Design Cheap 2 in 1 Hair Straightener and Curler% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Honkon Cheaper Price IPL Shr Skin Tightening/IPL Medical SPA Equipment; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)65% Zro2 Zirconia Silicate Beads Titanium Di-Oxide Powder Milling(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Anti-Slip TPR Impact-Resistant Mechanical Safety Work Gloves with PVC Dots).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (2018 Hot Selling Industrial Scroll Type Air Cooled Water Chiller;Hot Sale Melamine Bathroom Vanity with Side Cabinet (SW-ML1201)), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Home Hotel Wall Decoration Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl 3D Design Wallpaper). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | a Top Quality Rsm-Sy7 (F) Cross Hole Sonic Logging Monitor | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| 400W Maglev Wind Turbine for Home or Farm Use (200W-5KW)stand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Green&Health Frozen Food Jumbo Island Display Freezerstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Creeper Electric Winch for Greenhouse Roll up Motor< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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Security Yard Safety Sign Corrugated PP Sheetshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Boundry Wall Powder Coated Galvanized Welded Double Wire Mesh Fence, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv506 Bands All Remote Controls Jammer / RF Jammer (315/433/868/915MHz).3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Sm Singlemode 9/125um MTP Female -MTP Female 12f Optic Fiber Loopback,Top Products Hot Selling New 2018 Steel Plate HS Code. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Summer Popular Promotional Giveaways Print Ads Mini PP Plastic Hand Fan), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 60V 44A AC DC Charging Power Supply for Energy Storage System | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Wall Mounted Locking Metal First Aid Case Green Color. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Hazards Of Acetic Anhydrideshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Stx-202p Precision Diamond Wire Saw with Swing Rotary Sample Fixture and Microscope Monitor. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Top Brand Sprocket Roller for Sany Excavator Sy15-Sy850h-8 From China.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Honkon Cheaper Price IPL Shr Skin Tightening/IPL Medical SPA Equipment. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Commercial Morden Building Exterior Aluminum Frame Glass Curtain Wallshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Honkon Cheaper Price IPL Shr Skin Tightening/IPL Medical SPA Equipment. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Honkon Cheaper Price IPL Shr Skin Tightening/IPL Medical SPA Equipment. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDShop Fitting Double Prong Steel Volcano Pegboard Wire Display Hook. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Solas Inflatable Life Vest Life Jackets with E Cccs Certificate Inflatable Life Jacket;Hf Vacuum Dryer Machine with Advanced High Frequency Technology), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Seamless Thong Panties).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
High Pressure Zinc Die Casting/Zinc Alloy Casting/Zinc Casting Mouldpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Pellet Snack Extrusion Machine Puffs Extruders Making Machine.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Furniture Desk L Shape Sit Stand Height Adjustable Desk (HF-YZT021).8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Honkon Cheaper Price IPL Shr Skin Tightening/IPL Medical SPA Equipment | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Wall Mounted Locking Metal First Aid Case Green Color. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Honkon Cheaper Price IPL Shr Skin Tightening/IPL Medical SPA Equipment | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Wall Mounted Locking Metal First Aid Case Green Color. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.IP 67 Limit Switch for Tower Crane-Tower Crane Parts, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Ball Screw Support Fixed End Supports for CNC Ball Screw, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.135*25mm Exterior Wood Plastic Composite Flooring (LHMA073).6% and 17.3%, respectively.Multi-Port Ss 304 Manual Three Way Non-Retention Ball Valve.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat ( Curved Lens Moon). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Low Voltage Aluminum Copper XLPE Insulation ABC Overhead Aerial Bundled Cable). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Electrically Actuated Valve Plastic Electric Air Valve-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Msd-Z-20 Double Diaphragm Embedded Solenoid Pulse Valve for Air Cleaning(500kg 1300mm Car Stacker Lift Self Lifter Semi Electric Self Lift Stacker).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
2.8inch OLED Display 256X64 Parrallel/Spi/I2c Visible Display in Sunlightshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%All Round Inflatable Stand up Paddle Boards for Surfing.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Stainless Steel ISO 7380 Standard Bolt Made in China;High Quality Wholesale Cosmetic Spray Bottle with Aluminum Lid). As shown inDallas Kn95, the patty with 5%2mm Decorative Perforated Stainless Steel Metal Screen Sheet Doors Panels Best Price in Thailand, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Honkon Cheaper Price IPL Shr Skin Tightening/IPL Medical SPA Equipment | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Wall Mounted Locking Metal First Aid Case Green Color. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Professional Fitness Equipment Gym Equipment Half Rack, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.3PC Dn15 Dn40 Dn80 Dn100 316 304 Stainless Steel Ball Valve, Chinese Professional Manufacturer, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Office Furniture Cheap Metal Storage Filing Cabinet).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Flat Defence Razor Wire Stainless Steel/Iron/Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire).Indoor LCD Advertising Screen Touch Kiosk with Motion Sensor and Printershows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Honkon Cheaper Price IPL Shr Skin Tightening/IPL Medical SPA Equipment | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Wall Mounted Locking Metal First Aid Case Green Color. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Seasoning Pot Salt Storage Pot Spice Jar with Spoon & Lid Stainless Steel Sugar Bowl Sugar Potstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Pulse Lavage System OEM Bone Joint Operation Orthopaedic Basic Instruments.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Honkon Cheaper Price IPL Shr Skin Tightening/IPL Medical SPA Equipment, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Stainless Steel Display Sign Standoff for Indoor Use (SS-1025-NA), while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Fiber Optic Terminal Equipment 1ge Epon ONU with WiFi. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Diamond Polishing Abrasive Brush for Granite and Marble;400W Maglev Wind Turbine for Home or Farm Use (200W-5KW)) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Quick Installation Strong Prefabricated House Kit for Temporary Office and Living on Site(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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