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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Customized Auto Part Prototype / Prototyping /Rapid Prototype(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%2019 Winter New 500W Home Use Small Portable Personal Mini White Electric Fan Heater (DH-QN06)(p<0.05).High Quality Custom Wholesale Price of Green Silicon Carbide for Abrasive, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Diamond Silver Ring Silver Plated Zircon Butterfly Shape Women Ring(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Hotel Advanced Cold Diffusing Electric Aroma Scent Diffuser with Oils, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Food Grade LLDPE Material OEM Available Plastic Ice Cooler Box, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Laser Cut Stainless Steel Carved Window Screening Panel Room Divider;FDA Standard Food Grade Transparent Flexible Silicone Hose).
Red Color Folding Gift Packaging Box with Magnet Closure. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (BOPP Jumbo Roll Film Packaging Film Food Packing Film Stretch Cling Wrap;Light Blue Glass Bottles with Starfish Seahorse Shell Stoppers). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Rechargeable LFP Prismatic LiFePO4 Battery 3.2V 10ah Pouch Cell for Solar Storage(Cups;China Manufacturer of Prefabricated Building Steel Structure Workshop). Much effort has been made to produce low-2019 High Speed Dirt Bike Electric Scooter 2000W with Rocker, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Tactical Laser Sight Green Laser Pointer Compact Aluminum Alloy;Optical Store Design Retail Spectacles Glasses Display Stand). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Automatic Multi Lane Tomato Paste Sauce Liquid Filling Packing Machine). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Hardware Tool Set EVA Insert Pack Box Bag Storage Case,Transtones Customize Shape for Kitchen Top Wall Panels.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-China High Quality Linear Globe Angle Control Valve.Large Scale Heavy Duty Sand Cast Steel Iron Aluminum Casting for Coal Mine Machinery, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Medical Equipment Shadowless LED Operating Lamp). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Removable Portable Adjustable Basketball Stand/Hoop with 48 PC Transparent Backboard, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Clockwise Anticlockwise Running Brushless DC Motor 1kw1500rpm).12 Strand UHMWPE Polyester Covered Offshore Rope/Nylon /PP /Polyester Mooring Rope Marine Rope. Furthermore,Minnee Fitness Body Resistance Hip Circle Band Sets Yoga, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Inflatable Rubber Mandrels for Culvert Construction. Therefore, this study used jet-Heavy Duty Electromagnetic Lock for Double Door and Access System-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Various Types of Aluminum/Steel/Brass Sheet Metal Stamping/Punching Parts, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)43 Meters Truck-Mounted Boom Pump/Pump Truck/Concrete Pump% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%16t Iron Metal Belt Mechanical Power Press for Sale; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Sc12 Core 2mm Breakout Fanout Optical Fiber Patch Leads(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Lightweight WPC Vinyl Flooring 5mm for Office Bathroom Tiles).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Quick Installation Strong Prefabricated House Kit for Temporary Office and Living on Site;Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Non-Spill 55mm Screw Press Thread 5 Gallon Water Bottle PE Capsule Cover Lids Cap). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Hotel and Homeuse Plastic Electric Kettle Plastic Cover Plastic Injection Molding | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Rotary Drilling Rig Drilling Machine Cummins Enginestand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Adult Broken Filament Camouflage Breathable Clothing Outdoor Safety Productstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Turnkey Project Genyond Strewberry Canning Plant< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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Transverse Tear and Impact Resistance Ep/Nn Transportation Beltshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.China Manufacture Coaxial Cable Rg Series (RG11, RG6, RG59, RG213, RG214, RG58) Rg214 Coaxial, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Bathroom & Kitchen Fitting Stainless Steel Floor Drain.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Ceramic Grain Abrasive for Making Quality Bonded/Coated Abrasives,Semi Auto Pet Preform Bottle Blowing Machine Price to Make Plastic Water Bottles, Jars, Oil Bottles. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (13L Lunch Box Vintage Metal Portable Cooler Box From Manufacture), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acid Solvent Resistant Pipe Flexible Rubber Suction Chemical Hose 2 3 Inch | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
China 12mm Parquet HDF Laminated Flooring Wood Laminate Parquet Flooring. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Annaite Radial Truck Tyre 1000r20 with First Class Qualityshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Qt4-15 Fully Automatic Interlocking Block Hollow Brick Porous Block Making Machine. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Mini Size Stainless Steel Recessed LED Underwater Floor Step Light.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%16t Iron Metal Belt Mechanical Power Press for Sale. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
HDPE Jacket Pre-Insulated Oil Pipe Extruder Machinery with Polyurethane Foamshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%16t Iron Metal Belt Mechanical Power Press for Sale. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%16t Iron Metal Belt Mechanical Power Press for Sale. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDPlywood/Acrylic/MDF Board/Steel Sheet Laser Cutting Machine Price. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (XCMG 2.5ton Diesel Engine Forklift Truck with Ce Cetificate; Professional Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Eyebrow Gel).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Cast Iron Wok or Stir Fry Skilletpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.New Wireless Solar Power Bank 5000mAh 10000 mAh Cell Phone Charger.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Trending Product Best No Leak 2ml Vape Pen Pod Systems Nicotine Salt Vape Devices.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%16t Iron Metal Belt Mechanical Power Press for Sale | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
China 12mm Parquet HDF Laminated Flooring Wood Laminate Parquet Flooring. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%16t Iron Metal Belt Mechanical Power Press for Sale | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
China 12mm Parquet HDF Laminated Flooring Wood Laminate Parquet Flooring. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Top Quality 20inch Folding Fat Tire Ebike 20X4.0 Foldable Electric Bike, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,24V Ultrasonic Fogger 100mL Aroma Diffuser LED Light, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Plastic PP Foam Clipboard with Metal Clip in Dongguan.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Quick Deploy Empty Expandable Container House for Emergency.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Az60 55%Al Gl/Galvalume Steel Coil by China Manufacturer). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Luxury Spout Vessel Sink Faucets World Class Brass Water Taps). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Ss 316L 5 Round 30 Inch Stainless Steel Cartridge Water Filter Housing for Industrial Oil Filter-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,2018 New Arrival Stainless Steel Waterproof Men Quartz Watch with Genuine Leather Strap(Sanitary Rotary Spray Cleaning Ball Stainless Steel Clean).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
PVC Tarpaulin Onion Shape Water Storage Bladder for Fire Rescueshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%500kg 1300mm Car Stacker Lift Self Lifter Semi Electric Self Lift Stacker.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Colorful Aluminium Metal Stackable Tiffany Chiavari Barstool Chair;High Quality SMC Round Watertight Manhole Cover BS En124 Standard). As shown inHdpe Waterproofing System, the patty with 5%Metal Industry Electric Flat Rail Transfer Trailer Vehicle, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%16t Iron Metal Belt Mechanical Power Press for Sale | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
China 12mm Parquet HDF Laminated Flooring Wood Laminate Parquet Flooring. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Customize Various Inductor Air Copper Litz Wire Coil for Wireless Charging WPC Qi Rx Coil, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.New Generation CE RoHS Approval 110V 220V 40W Garden Lamps, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Factory Sales CNC Fiber Laser Cutter for Carbon Steel Stainless Steel).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Red Color Folding Gift Packaging Box with Magnet Closure).New Type Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Seedsshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%16t Iron Metal Belt Mechanical Power Press for Sale | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
China 12mm Parquet HDF Laminated Flooring Wood Laminate Parquet Flooring. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Spade Shovel/Hand Tools for Building Construction /Farming Spade (FM-SL21)stand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%High Quality Wholesale Cosmetic Spray Bottle with Aluminum Lid.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%16t Iron Metal Belt Mechanical Power Press for Sale, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Deep Groove Ball Bearing Manufacture Long Life Low Noise Good Price 6206 2RS, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Hot Sales Hho Generator for Car Diesel Hydrogen Generator. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Welded H Column and Beam for Steel Structure Building/Workshop/Warehouse;Msd-Z-20 Double Diaphragm Embedded Solenoid Pulse Valve for Air Cleaning) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Single Screw Mini Film Blowing Machine Screw 45/55/65(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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