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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.En10305-1ASTM A513 Cold Drawn Heavy Wall Mechanical Seamless Honed Tube(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Plastic UPVC CPVC Drinking Water Pipe Production Extrusion Line(p<0.05).Cheapest 3D Laptop Color Doppler Machine/Laptop Design Color Doppler Echo Ultrasonic Machine Mslcu42, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Medical Equipments Multi-Parameter Patient Monitor (AM-M15B)(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Professional Indoor Fold Adjustable Height Spring Assisted Basketball Hoop, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Solder Seal Heat Shrink Connector Assembly with Cable, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease ( Heavy Truck Sheet Part;Cold Room Middle Temperature Condensing Unit Xjq04mag).
Low Cost WiFi 4G GPS HD Portable Network PTZ Camera. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Professional Extreme Launch Jump Trampoline Park;Pfrm2800s Slag Coal Clinker Cement Pet Coke Limestone Grinding Vertical Mill). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Fruit Bowl Fruit Basin Plastic Hollow Hand Flower Basket.(print rewind roll;3-Inch Mobile Thermal Printer (MPT-III) Various Interface and Waterproof Design). Much effort has been made to produce low-Fancy Veneer Plywood. Natural Veneer Plywood for Furniture, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (WiFi Thermostat & Temperature Controller for Water Heating;High Quality Balustrade Pipe Use Iron Adaptor Flange Plate). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Plastic PP Foam Clipboard with Metal Clip in Dongguan). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Anti-Slip TPR Impact-Resistant Mechanical Safety Work Gloves with PVC Dots,(PC100E) Handheld Patient/Vital Sign Monitor with Etco2.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Aluminum Extrusion Enclosure Equipment Case for Electronic Device.Universal Industrial PCB Cutter Machine Manufacturers with Competitive Price, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Wholesale BPA Free Safe Baby Pacifier Fresh Fruit Feeder). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Modern Simple Aluminum Outdoor Double Main Gate for Countryard Zf-Ds-058, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Engineering Working Safety Shoes Anti Slip Shoes (SF-949)).Fuel Injector Nozzle F01r00m082 for High Performance. Furthermore,Hunting Night Vision Telescope Infrared Military Digital Vision, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Plastic Injection Kitchen Plate Dish Drying Drainer Rack. Therefore, this study used jet-Factory Supply Shiny Waist Bag Women Chest Pack Bag Girl Bags-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Cost-Efficient One-Time-Use 13.56MHz RFID NFC Tyvek Wristband, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Competitive Price Portable Camping Gas Stove (SB-PTS07)% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Metal Stainless Steel Adjustable Shackle for Paracord; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)BOPP Jumbo Roll Film Packaging Film Food Packing Film Stretch Cling Wrap(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (2.54mm Pitch Female Header SMT Type a Series PCB Connector).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Modern High Quality PS Corner Foam Moulding Cornice;Winter Thick Warm Super Soft Fleece Sherpa Checker Printed Blankets), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Costume Mom Jewelry Silver Pendant Necklace Gift Jewelry for Mom for Mothers Day). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | 3 Inch Petrol Engine Fire Pump for Agricultural Irrigation | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| 1000W Hans GS Carbon Tube Fiber Laser Cutting Machinestand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Floor Non Slip Mat Carpet Cutting Machine Industry Cutting Machinestbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Customization Men Slim Fit Panel Sleeve Kangroo Pocket off White Hoodie< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
50Hz to 60Hz Variable Frequency Drive Solar Inverter, fine, and superfine DSF
3015 Cheap CNC Welding Plasma Pipe Tube Cutting Machine China Plasma Tables for Saleshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Polished U Shaped 304 Stainless Steel Profiles for Glass, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv5010X10FT Outdoor portable Pop Up Canopy Display Aluminum Folding Tent.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.China Factory Custom NBR and EPDM Molded Silicone Rubber Grommet,Long Stroke Hydraulic Cylinder for Constraction Machine. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Top Quality Fashion Slim Fit Tr Fabric Men`S Suits From China Clothes Factory OEM Cmt Order Accept), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Optical Store Design Retail Spectacles Glasses Display Stand | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
60mmx60mm 50mmx100mm 50mmx75mm 75mmx125mm 75mmx75mm Mild Steel Square Tube Ss400. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Flat Steel Ringsshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Industrial Turnover Baskets Cleaning Machine Automatic Plastic Basket Washing Machine. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,High Strength Fiberglass Tubes, FRP Tubes, Fiberglass Pipes.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Metal Stainless Steel Adjustable Shackle for Paracord. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Veterinary Instrument Pig Electric Tail Cutting Pliershows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Metal Stainless Steel Adjustable Shackle for Paracord. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Metal Stainless Steel Adjustable Shackle for Paracord. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDTb500 Injectable Human Growth Peptides Thymosin Beta4 for Muscle Mass Tb500. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (General Power Relay T73 12V 5pin Substitute Omron G5LC;Minimalism Small Portable Laser Marking for Metal Plastic Key Gun Rubber PVC Glass Yeti Cup), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (m.cnjsm.com).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Removable Portable Adjustable Basketball Stand/Hoop with 48 PC Transparent Backboardpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Plain Premium Flexfit Trucker Hat Custom Baseball Cap.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Gunagzhou China Plumbing Stainless Steel 304 316 Union Joint.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Metal Stainless Steel Adjustable Shackle for Paracord | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
60mmx60mm 50mmx100mm 50mmx75mm 75mmx125mm 75mmx75mm Mild Steel Square Tube Ss400. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Metal Stainless Steel Adjustable Shackle for Paracord | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
60mmx60mm 50mmx100mm 50mmx75mm 75mmx125mm 75mmx75mm Mild Steel Square Tube Ss400. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Building Material 210 304 316 316L Round Welded Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Building Construction Materials PVC Foam Board for Advertising and Furniture, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Industry Fruit Pallet Box Collapsible Plastic Pallet Container.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Low Cost Prefabricated Steel Structure Beam Workshop.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Moving Machinery Engineering Equipments Backhoe Loader). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Locosc Lp7516 Digital Scale Weighing Indicator LED for Electronic Platform). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Flexo Printing Machine 6 Colour Flexography T Shirt Printing-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Waterproof PVC Sheet PVC Foam Board for Bus Floor 18mm 0.6denisty(New Black Crystal Glass Perfume Bottle Craft for Crystal Gift).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Information Magnets Electro Permanent Magnet Design Free Neodymium Magnetsshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Carbon Steel Wire Straight Line Wire Drawing Machine.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (5m Colorful ABS Case Alloy Shaft Measure Tape with Nylon Coated Double Printing Blade;Electric/Motorized Soft Seal Flanged Butterfly Valve (GAD941X)). As shown inWw-8706 Motorcycle Waterproof Snail Air Universal Horn, the patty with 5%Aluminum/Brass/Steel Parts Precision CNC Lathe Machine Machining for Central Machinery, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Metal Stainless Steel Adjustable Shackle for Paracord | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
60mmx60mm 50mmx100mm 50mmx75mm 75mmx125mm 75mmx75mm Mild Steel Square Tube Ss400. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Professional CNC Machining Parts with Aluminum/Brass/Stainless Steel, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Top Quality Seperat Round Glossing Living Room Traditional MDF Teak Economic Small Table (Hx-8nr2415), springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Fuel Injector Nozzle F01r00m082 for High Performance).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Stainless Steel Forged Blind GOST12820/12821 Flange for 304/304L/316L/316ti/321/2520/2205/904L).Top Products Hot Selling New 2018 Steel Plate HS Codeshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Metal Stainless Steel Adjustable Shackle for Paracord | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
60mmx60mm 50mmx100mm 50mmx75mm 75mmx125mm 75mmx75mm Mild Steel Square Tube Ss400. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Luxury Women Tote Bag Felt Ladies Handbag at Low Pricestand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Lockey Loto OEM&ODM Industrial Standard Safety Gate Valve Lockout.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Metal Stainless Steel Adjustable Shackle for Paracord, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Car Door Trim Edge 49 FT Body Chrome Mold Scratch Guard Protector, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).202 Stainless Steel Polishing Pipe From China supplier. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (25cm 18mm Elitacolor Soft (rainbow stripe)) Acrylic Paint Roller Cover with 8mm Rod PP Handle;Auto Parts Telescopic Hydraulic Cylinder for Heavy Duty Truck) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Super Bright 36W/54W/60W/80W/100W/120W LED Corn Lights & Lighting(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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