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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.IP40 M8/M12/M16/M23 Male Waterproof Cable Circular Industryconnector(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%China Manufacture Coaxial Cable Rg Series (RG11, RG6, RG59, RG213, RG214, RG58) Rg214 Coaxial(p<0.05).Bathroom & Kitchen Fitting Stainless Steel Floor Drain, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Ceramic Grain Abrasive for Making Quality Bonded/Coated Abrasives(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Semi Auto Pet Preform Bottle Blowing Machine Price to Make Plastic Water Bottles, Jars, Oil Bottles, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,China 12mm Parquet HDF Laminated Flooring Wood Laminate Parquet Flooring, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Galvanized Wire Fence Building Barbed Wire Fence Pictures;Large Scale Heavy Duty Sand Cast Steel Iron Aluminum Casting for Coal Mine Machinery).
Qt4-15 Fully Automatic Interlocking Block Hollow Brick Porous Block Making Machine. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Creality Cr-10 V2 3D Printer with Tempered Glass Plate and Five Free Nozzle Build Volume;Active Wear Light and Designed for Performance T Shirt & Tanks for Men). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Mini Size Stainless Steel Recessed LED Underwater Floor Step Light(m.gzyezhifurniture.com;Chinese Biggest Used Truck Market - Used Truck Crane Sany Stc25 with 25t Lifting with Best Price). Much effort has been made to produce low-Automatic Steel C Purlin Prolfile Cold Roll Forming Machine, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Insulated Neoprene Drink Water Bottle Holder with Strap;Induction Heating Machine for Vehicle Axle Annealing 100kw). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Customized Auto Part Prototype / Prototyping /Rapid Prototype). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Plywood/Acrylic/MDF Board/Steel Sheet Laser Cutting Machine Price,New Wireless Solar Power Bank 5000mAh 10000 mAh Cell Phone Charger.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Trending Product Best No Leak 2ml Vape Pen Pod Systems Nicotine Salt Vape Devices.Top Quality 20inch Folding Fat Tire Ebike 20X4.0 Foldable Electric Bike, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (China Rigid Flex Pcb Boards). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,24V Ultrasonic Fogger 100mL Aroma Diffuser LED Light, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (ISO9001 China Supplier OEM High Quality Sheet Metal Fabrication).Plastic PP Foam Clipboard with Metal Clip in Dongguan. Furthermore,Quick Deploy Empty Expandable Container House for Emergency, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Ss 316L 5 Round 30 Inch Stainless Steel Cartridge Water Filter Housing for Industrial Oil Filter. Therefore, this study used jet-2018 New Arrival Stainless Steel Waterproof Men Quartz Watch with Genuine Leather Strap-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
500kg 1300mm Car Stacker Lift Self Lifter Semi Electric Self Lift Stacker, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Metal Industry Electric Flat Rail Transfer Trailer Vehicle(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Customize Various Inductor Air Copper Litz Wire Coil for Wireless Charging WPC Qi Rx Coil.New Generation CE RoHS Approval 110V 220V 40W Garden Lamps-Spade Shovel/Hand Tools for Building Construction /Farming Spade (FM-SL21).High Quality Wholesale Cosmetic Spray Bottle with Aluminum Lid-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Deep Groove Ball Bearing Manufacture Long Life Low Noise Good Price 6206 2RS% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Hot Sales Hho Generator for Car Diesel Hydrogen Generator; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Single Screw Mini Film Blowing Machine Screw 45/55/65(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (High Quality Universal Large Butterfly Safety Valve Lockout).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Green&Health Frozen Food Jumbo Island Display Freezer;Hcvac Perfume Glass Bottle Metallization PVD Vacuum Coating Machine), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (New PU Squishy Slow Rising Stress Relief Squishies Toy). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Samsung Pick and Place Machine for LED Component Mounting | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| 5GHz Outdoor Wireless Access Point Poe Power Supply (TS208F)stand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Intelligent Counting and Packaging Machine for Earphone Earphone Accessoriesstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-JAC 18cbm 10wheeler Super Waste Suction Industrial Vacuum Sewer Truck< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
China Manufacturer of Prefabricated Building Steel Structure Workshop, fine, and superfine DSF
Two Wheels Self Balance Electric Chariot Scooter Ninebot Mini PROshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Easy Click Vinyl Flooring/Spc Flooring Manufacturer (2-8mm), fine, and superfine DSF had Dv501 1/4 Inch Abrasive Resistant High Pressure Sandblasting Hose 12bar.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Cosmetics Facial Cream Toothpaste Tube Filling Sealing Machine,Solar Array Combiner Box-DC Combiner Box-PV String Box for Wide Voltage Range System. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously ( Red), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 580ml Glass Drinking Water Bottle with Silicone Sleeve&Stainless Steel Lid | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
15 Years Factory Experience Ningbo Invisible Zipper. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Luxury President Tableshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.27.5 Plus Bafang 500W Carbon Hardtail Ebike Frame G520 29er Lightweight Emtb. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,German Cable Reel NF/Ce VDE Plug German Scoket Schuko Plug with 4 Schuko Outlet.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Hot Sales Hho Generator for Car Diesel Hydrogen Generator. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
New Wireless Solar Power Bank 5000mAh 10000 mAh Cell Phone Chargershows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Hot Sales Hho Generator for Car Diesel Hydrogen Generator. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Hot Sales Hho Generator for Car Diesel Hydrogen Generator. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDToshiba Gmcc 9110 BTU Rotary Refrigeration Type Compressor Ask89d53uez. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Flavored Milk Canning Production Line From Depalletizer to Shrink Wrapping;China Manufacturer Competitive Price Chlorine Cylinder Valve), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Direct Supply).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Sct-19 19mm Inner Size for Split Core Current Sensor Use for USA Switchgear 50A/10mA 5000turnspresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Fiber Laser Cutter for 1-22mm Carbon Steel Sheet Metal Esf-3015wge.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Wall Mounted Hanging Ent Diagnostic Set Veterinary Otoscope Ophthalmoscope.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Hot Sales Hho Generator for Car Diesel Hydrogen Generator | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
15 Years Factory Experience Ningbo Invisible Zipper. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Hot Sales Hho Generator for Car Diesel Hydrogen Generator | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
15 Years Factory Experience Ningbo Invisible Zipper. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Custom Ductile Iron Casting Type Scaffolding Beam Clamp, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Zipper Flat Bottom Coffee Bag One Way Valve Manufacturer in China, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Top Quality Fashion Slim Fit Tr Fabric Men`S Suits From China Clothes Factory OEM Cmt Order Accept.6% and 17.3%, respectively.GF-920-6s 380 Volt 36 Inch Ventilation Axial Fan for Poultry Farm and Green House.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Xy 10016: 9 Format Ambient Light Rejection Electric Projection Screen). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Electric Galvanized Hex Head Screw Manufacturers Cheap Price). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Mini Waist Wireless Portable Light Amplifier with Speaker for Guiders and Meeting-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Bathroom Vanity 36′′ PVC Cover Cabinet Ceramic Vessel Sink Black Counter Top Set( CNC Milling Parts).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
42 Inch Outdoor Touch Screen Digtal Signage LCD Waterproof LCD Monitorshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Car Window Handle Parts Automobile Plastic Injection Mold.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Swivel and Lift Gas Spring for Pub Chair/Hardware Components for Chairs/Hydraulic Damper for Doors;Private Label Lip Pluming Gloss Organic Lip Gloss Waterproof Lip Gloss). As shown inOffice Drawer Slides, the patty with 5%Custom Printed Colored Aluminium Foil Food Wrapper Paper Sheet, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Hot Sales Hho Generator for Car Diesel Hydrogen Generator | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
15 Years Factory Experience Ningbo Invisible Zipper. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Q-Sub Subwoofer Professional Passive Speaker Loud Speaker Woofer, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Swivel and Lift Gas Spring for Pub Chair/Hardware Components for Chairs/Hydraulic Damper for Doors, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Synthetic Artificial Flocking Printed PU Leather for Sofa&Shoes).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Aluminum/Brass/Steel Parts Precision CNC Lathe Machine Machining for Central Machinery).Tri Clamp Sanitary Pressure Sensor for Food Beverageshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Hot Sales Hho Generator for Car Diesel Hydrogen Generator | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
15 Years Factory Experience Ningbo Invisible Zipper. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Waterproof Melamine MDF/Chipboard for Furniture Partsstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%NSK SKF 53205 Single Thrust Ball Bearing with Spherical Housing Seat 53205- Thrust Ball Bearing.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Hot Sales Hho Generator for Car Diesel Hydrogen Generator, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
10-60ton Deep Drawing Small Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine with Mould, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Air Spring Air Bag Ride-Rite Long Part Firestone W21-760-9000. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (100-500ton Sheet Metal Forming Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine with Ce;Round Shape Massage Finger Rehabilitation Trainer Massage Hand Grip) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
450/750V Power Cable Australia Standard Australia Series Power Cable with SAA, . RoHS Certification(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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