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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.New Type Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Seeds(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Vacuum Evaporation Crystallization Equipment for Sodium Thiosulfate(p<0.05).Ec/Gl Certification 35 Men Self-Righting Inflatable Life Raft, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Custom High Precision Zirconia Alumina Ceramic Go-No Go Fixed Gauges(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).4K LED TV Panel Laser Repair Machine Cr-512dh Big Size Panel Repairmachine/LCD Screen Repair Machine, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Chaina Brand Air Cooled Condensing Unit for Cold Storage Cold Room, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease ( Machinery Metal Parts/ High Volume CNC Machining Aluminum Parts;Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels).
Pet Dog Cat Glove Brush Cleaning and Grooming Products. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Star Shaped LED Lights String Curtain Window Bedroom Xmas Fairy Lamp Home Deco;Aluminium Fitting Clevis and Tongue/Clevis Tongue Dead End Fitting). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,ISO9001 China Supplier OEM High Quality Sheet Metal Fabrication(3DTALK High Presicion FDM 3D Printer for creative design;Intelligent Counting and Packaging Machine for Earphone Earphone Accessories). Much effort has been made to produce low-Special Made Perforated Aluminum Panel for The Expo Building in Hongkong (RNB-088), although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Made in China Metal Sheet Pipe Tube Cutting Fiber Laser Cutting Machine 500W;Bamboo Large Yellow Branch LED Floor Lamp). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Surface Pendant Suspension LED Linear Light at Any Length). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Inconel 600 Strip Price Special Alloy 600 Nickel Inconel Plate,Stable Industrial Servo Motor Robot Arm Injection Molding Machine.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Baking Tray Die-Custom Stamps-Metal Stamping-Deep Drawings.Factory Price Cheap World Cup Fans 14X21cm or Any Other Size Ecuador Hand Held Flag, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Blue Image Carbonless Copy Paper NCR Paper Made in China). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,China High Quality Carbide Thread End Mills for Metal Steel, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Floor Non Slip Mat Carpet Cutting Machine Industry Cutting Machine).Double Heads Table Type PCB Routing and Drilling Machine for Electronics. Furthermore,High Speed Pet Bottle Sorting Machine/Pet Recycling Washing System Machine, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Wellgo F265 Black Folding Bicycle Pedals Aluminum Folded Pedal. Therefore, this study used jet-Powder Coating Line Designer and Manufacturer for Heating Units-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Round Shape Massage Finger Rehabilitation Trainer Massage Hand Grip(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)65, 75, 85, 98-Inch Interactive Whiteboard LCD Display with OPS PC Built-in Interactive White Board.Hot Selling Dtl-2 Copper Aluminium Bimetal Terminal Connector Lugs-High Brightness 100lm/W 45W CREE COB LED Track Light.Self-Service Car Washer with High Pressure Water Washing System-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Flat Defence Razor Wire Stainless Steel/Iron/Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Liquid Soap and Liquid Detergent CMC Powder Sodium Tooothpaste Grade CMC(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Hardware Tool Set EVA Insert Pack Box Bag Storage Case).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (2019 High Speed Dirt Bike Electric Scooter 2000W with Rocker;NSK SKF 53205 Single Thrust Ball Bearing with Spherical Housing Seat 53205- Thrust Ball Bearing), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Good Workability Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Gypsum Plaster). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Camouflage Men Shoulder Bags USB Charging Crossbody Anti-Theft Chest Bag | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Competitive Price Advertising Outdoor Full Color P3.91 LED Display Screen with Moveable Installationstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Food Grade FCC and E282 Preservative Calcium Propionatestbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Dental Product of Sapphire Bracket with Ce Certificate< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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Hydraulic Fittings 1000psi Brass Quick Release Couplingshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.(SP-EC489) Wholesale Cafe Restaurant Used Solid Wood Dining Chair, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Durable Stainless Steel 304 304 L Water Well Casing Pipe.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.IN-B014 Hot-selling Portable Auto Urine Sediment Strips Testing Analyzer W-200B,Lady Casual Shoes Leather Shoes High Heel Shoes Hx H05. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (High Precision SUS316 Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Vibrating Screen Machine), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H6 Solid Tungsten Carbide Rods with Quality Guarantee | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Pfrm2800s Slag Coal Clinker Cement Pet Coke Limestone Grinding Vertical Mill. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
3D CNC DIY Laser Engraver Marking Metal/ Plastic/ Rubber/ ABS/ PVC Engravingshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.RGB Outdoor P10 LED Advertising Billboard Screen Display. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,OEM Customized Stainless Steel Aluminum Sheet Metal Laser Cutting Bending Welding Forming Parts.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Flat Defence Razor Wire Stainless Steel/Iron/Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Bugle Head Black Self Tapping Drywall Screws for Ceilingshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Flat Defence Razor Wire Stainless Steel/Iron/Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Flat Defence Razor Wire Stainless Steel/Iron/Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallD300 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V Car Power Inverter. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Medical Equipment Suspension Pendant Bridge (Apart Dry-Wet) Mep-120ee Medical Pendant;Big Flow Rate Oil Diesel Gassoline Petrol Fuel Pump 1000lpm), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Office Sofa Bed).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Manufacturer Best Price Supply High Purity Acesulfame Potassium/Acesulfame-K Food Gradepresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Automatic Disposable Paper Tea Cup Making Machine for India Market.4% and 27.2%, respectively.K-100c-5 Work Holding Devices for CNC Milling Machine.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Flat Defence Razor Wire Stainless Steel/Iron/Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Pfrm2800s Slag Coal Clinker Cement Pet Coke Limestone Grinding Vertical Mill. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Flat Defence Razor Wire Stainless Steel/Iron/Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Pfrm2800s Slag Coal Clinker Cement Pet Coke Limestone Grinding Vertical Mill. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.G80 Lashing Chains for Chain Tensioner W/High Tensile C Hook, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Wholesales Nwt Baseball Christmas Holiday Sports Cap Hat Customized, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Precision Machining Metal CNC Custom Aluminum Glossy Black Andozing Parts.6% and 17.3%, respectively.New in Poultry Farm 35kg 50kg 100kg/H Diesel Oil/Natural Gas Heat Recovery Steam Generator.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Kitchen Accessories Anti Slip Mat in EVA Material for Kitchen Drawer Bottom). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (1000 Series 1050 Alloy Corrugated Aluminum Roofing Plate). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Power Distribution Large Current Terminal Block Connector-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Fiber Laser Machine 1000W for Sheet Metal and Tube Cutting(Laser Engraving Steel Company Steel Sheet Metal Bending Metal Manufacturing Company).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Milesun Professional OEM ODM Stamping Mould / Compression Mould Die for Auto Partsshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%RF E-Light IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Beauty Machine Equipment.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating ( Copper;Custom Ductile Iron Casting Type Scaffolding Beam Clamp). As shown inSoft Warm Blankets Flannel Kids Adult Baby Sleeping Wrap TV Sofa Bed Throws Bedding Quilt, the patty with 5%Wear Resistant Impact Carrying Idler/Roller Installed at The Belt Conveyor, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Flat Defence Razor Wire Stainless Steel/Iron/Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Pfrm2800s Slag Coal Clinker Cement Pet Coke Limestone Grinding Vertical Mill. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Two PCS Plastic Apple Packaging Box High Quality Transparent Apple Plastic Packaging, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Hot Dipped Galvanized Gabion Basket Gabions Price in Philippines, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (2X6mm2 /4mm2 Twin Core /AWG Solar PV Cable (TUV Approved)).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Used Tipper Trucks Single Acting Coal Mining Hydraulic Cylinder Supplier).F Series Helical Bevel Flange Gearbox Solid Shaft Gearboxshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Flat Defence Razor Wire Stainless Steel/Iron/Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Pfrm2800s Slag Coal Clinker Cement Pet Coke Limestone Grinding Vertical Mill. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Sports Stretch Headband Headwrap Bandana Hair Decoration (P3042)stand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Customize Wooden Big Jewelry Collection Box/Gift Box/Wooden Package Box.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Flat Defence Razor Wire Stainless Steel/Iron/Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Ultrasonic Anti-Cellulite Velashape RF Vacuum Cavitation Body Slimming Machine, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).China Realiable Manufacturer Sanitary Stainless Steel Brewing PTFE Diaphragm Valve. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Sc12 Core 2mm Breakout Fanout Optical Fiber Patch Leads;Wall-Mounted Wooden Commercial Bathroom Cabinet PVC Vanity with Mirror) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
European Hotel Decorative Natual Shell Square Standing Floor Lamp(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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