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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Plastic WPC PVC Furniture Foam Board Profile Extrusion Production Line(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Bamboo Large Yellow Branch LED Floor Lamp, Lamp Size: 37*25*151cm(p<0.05).10 Gauge Galvanized Welded Wire Mesh Fence Panel, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Cutting Tools Manufactures HSS Screw Header Punches(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Small Desiccant Dehumidifier Humidity Removing Machine, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Ball Screw Support Fixed End Supports for CNC Ball Screw;Stainless Steel Pipe Weight).
Low Water Consumption Portable Evaporative Cooler with LED Display. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Customized Shape Printed Smart RFID Epoxy Card;Stacking Metal Hotel Restaurant Banquet Wedding Chair/ Tiffany Chair / Chiavari Chair). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,FTTH Field Sc Upc Fiber Optic Fast Connector for Drop Cable(LED SMT Reflow Oven;High Sharpness 9 Inch Water Pump Fixing Pump Pliers). Much effort has been made to produce low-Light Blue Glass Bottles with Starfish Seahorse Shell Stoppers, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (New Style Men Single Shoulder Cross Body Leisure Travel Business Satchel Messenger Bag (CY1905);High Efficiency Dung Rotary Dryer with Competitive Price). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Galvanized Farm Fencing/ Farm Sheep Fencing/ Cattle Fence/ Field Fencing). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Hot Selling 2 Seats Electric Golf Buggy with Bucket for Resort,6000lph Ce ISO SGS Approved 10 Years Factory Wholesale RO Water Treatment Plant Price.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-10kw 12.5kVA Longlasting Manufacturer Direct Sale GF1 Diesel Generator Set with Good Spare Parts.Marine Hardware Stainless Steel Double Wire 22mm Top Slides, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Bulk Frozen Mixed Vegetables). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,2X6mm2 /4mm2 Twin Core /AWG Solar PV Cable (TUV Approved), which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (China Supplier Gabion Professional Front Door Large Wire Mesh Box).Colorful Aluminium Metal Stackable Tiffany Chiavari Barstool Chair. Furthermore,3-Diff Automatic Veterinary Hematology Analyzer (Hemo 2900V Plus), such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Active Wear Light and Designed for Performance T Shirt & Tanks for Men. Therefore, this study used jet-Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Vehicle Reversing Camera with 7 Wireless Rear View System for Flexible Install(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Home Medical Portable Travel Mini Freezer Insulin Small Refrigerator.20ml 100ml UV Coating Perfume Aluminium Bottle for Perfume Body Spray-Foton Cummins Isf 3.8 Cylinder Block 5256400 Spare Parts for Diesel Engine.Single Phase AC Choke Coil Reactor for Capacitor in Pfc-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Low Temperature Screw Chiller for Freeze Room and Refrigeration% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%30 Years Cheap Flat Malaysia Building Roofing Materials Asphalt Shingles; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)PS Artistic Ceiling, Plastic Ceiling Arts for Home (BRJ18-S022)(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (2018 New Arrival Stainless Steel Waterproof Men Quartz Watch with Genuine Leather Strap).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Dustproof Push Button 3m467 Membrane Switch Keyboard/Keypad;China Low Price Vacuum Suction Truck of Special Truck 12m3), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Vertical Play Video 12 Inch Digital Photo Frame LCD Monitor). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | F Series Helical Bevel Flange Gearbox Solid Shaft Gearbox | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Forest Mulching Equipment Use Hydraulic Cylinder for Salestand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bankstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Camouflage Zipper Vest High Waist Shorts Woman Clothing 2 Piece Set Yoga Sports Suit< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Custom Print Leather Wrist Rest Computer Mouse Pad with Logo, fine, and superfine DSF
Solar Controler 12V 25A 6000BTU off Grid 100% Air Conditionershows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Hcvac Perfume Glass Bottle Metallization PVD Vacuum Coating Machine, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Shenzhen Express Turnkey PCB Manufacturer, Professional Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Fashion Golden Plated Crown Tip Commercial Steel Door Hinge,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (5GHz Outdoor Wireless Access Point Poe Power Supply (TS208F)), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glow Pigment for Painting, Light Storage Type Self-Luminous Pigments | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Devo High Quality Gearbox Bw3 Gearboxes Bw Cycloidal Speed Reducer Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
New Arrival Aluminium Foil Container Production Machine (MTAL-63T)shows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Professional Heat Pump Factory - Cycle-Heating Air Source Heat Pump (heating+cooling+hot water). For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,ASTM API 5L X52 Black Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe Manufacturer.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%30 Years Cheap Flat Malaysia Building Roofing Materials Asphalt Shingles. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Precision Crankshaft Iron and Steel Forging Types of Forging Pdfshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%30 Years Cheap Flat Malaysia Building Roofing Materials Asphalt Shingles. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%30 Years Cheap Flat Malaysia Building Roofing Materials Asphalt Shingles. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDCustomized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Tp321/321H Sanitary Stainless Steel Pipe (Round/Square /Rectangle);OEM High Precision Stainless Steel Turning Eccentric Shaft), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Crawler Machinery Parts Supplier & Manufacturer).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Custom Cardboard Packages for Socks and Underwear Kraft Paper Packaging Boxespresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Quality HDF Laminate Floor Good Price Wood Laminate Flooring.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Tri Clamp Sanitary Pressure Sensor for Food Beverage.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%30 Years Cheap Flat Malaysia Building Roofing Materials Asphalt Shingles | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Devo High Quality Gearbox Bw3 Gearboxes Bw Cycloidal Speed Reducer Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%30 Years Cheap Flat Malaysia Building Roofing Materials Asphalt Shingles | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Devo High Quality Gearbox Bw3 Gearboxes Bw Cycloidal Speed Reducer Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.New Product Fast Big Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with Seat for Adults, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Guangzhou Factory Outdoor Water Park Playground Equipment for Sale, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Solid Tyres 20.5/70-16 16/70-20 23.5-25 17.5-25 Solid OTR Tire.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Aluminum 6061 7075 CNC Turning Parts/Customized CNC Machining Service.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Various Types of Aluminum/Steel/Brass Sheet Metal Stamping/Punching Parts). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Honda Motorcycle Plastic Clips Factory & Manufacturer). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Small Propane Gas Bottle Cylinder for Lab Sampling Use-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Customized Mold Making Manufacturer Black Car Plastic Injection Parts(Spade Shovel/Hand Tools for Building Construction /Farming Spade (FM-SL21)).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
30 Years Cheap Flat Malaysia Building Roofing Materials Asphalt Shinglesshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%High Power Driving Type Concrete Power Trowel Machine.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Light Weight Food Grade Stainless Steel Water Tank;IN-B014 Hot-selling Portable Auto Urine Sediment Strips Testing Analyzer W-200B). As shown in35W Square Cuthole Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for Cloth/Retail Stores, the patty with 5%Qk1313 CNC Centerless Lathe Machine Siemen CNC Pipe Threading, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%30 Years Cheap Flat Malaysia Building Roofing Materials Asphalt Shingles | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Devo High Quality Gearbox Bw3 Gearboxes Bw Cycloidal Speed Reducer Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Hf Vacuum Dryer Machine with Advanced High Frequency Technology, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (China Supplier Hot Sale Jewelry Laser Solder for Refrigerator Gasket).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Inflatable Rubber Mandrels for Culvert Construction).High Efficient PCB Cutting Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price for Indiashows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%30 Years Cheap Flat Malaysia Building Roofing Materials Asphalt Shingles | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Devo High Quality Gearbox Bw3 Gearboxes Bw Cycloidal Speed Reducer Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Soundproofing Foam Backed Vinyl 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Brickstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%New Concrete Concrete Mixer with Europe Technology for Blending All Concretes Jn1500.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%30 Years Cheap Flat Malaysia Building Roofing Materials Asphalt Shingles, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Open Frame 19 Inch LCD Touch Screen Monitor for Kiosk/Vending Machine, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Prefab House Mobile Living 20FT Sandwich Panel Material Container House Dormitory Container Office;Wholesales Nwt Baseball Christmas Holiday Sports Cap Hat Customized) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Manufacturers Stainless Steel Sanitary Welded Concentric Reducer(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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