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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Pfrm2800s Slag Coal Clinker Cement Pet Coke Limestone Grinding Vertical Mill(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%RGB Outdoor P10 LED Advertising Billboard Screen Display(p<0.05).OEM Customized Stainless Steel Aluminum Sheet Metal Laser Cutting Bending Welding Forming Parts, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,2018 Hot Selling Industrial Scroll Type Air Cooled Water Chiller(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).300 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V Car Power Inverter, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,K-100c-5 Work Holding Devices for CNC Milling Machine, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees;Top Brand Sprocket Roller for Sany Excavator Sy15-Sy850h-8 From China).
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Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Fiber Laser Machine 1000W for Sheet Metal and Tube Cutting.RF E-Light IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Beauty Machine Equipment, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (China One Piece Deep V Neck Swimsuit Zigger). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Wear Resistant Impact Carrying Idler/Roller Installed at The Belt Conveyor, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (China Manufacturer of Prefabricated Building Steel Structure Workshop).Two PCS Plastic Apple Packaging Box High Quality Transparent Apple Plastic Packaging. Furthermore,Hot Dipped Galvanized Gabion Basket Gabions Price in Philippines, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Sports Stretch Headband Headwrap Bandana Hair Decoration (P3042). Therefore, this study used jet-Customize Wooden Big Jewelry Collection Box/Gift Box/Wooden Package Box-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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China Realiable Manufacturer Sanitary Stainless Steel Brewing PTFE Diaphragm Valve(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)European Hotel Decorative Natual Shell Square Standing Floor Lamp.Copper, Stainless Steel Bar Cutting HSS Circular Saw Blade with Hardended Teeth-Flavored Milk Canning Production Line From Depalletizer to Shrink Wrapping.Daf Rubber Air Spring, Air Bag, Air Suspension Contitech 836mk1-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Stiff Wadding and Glue Free Wadding Production Line% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Basic Medical Unit for Modern Ozone Therapy (ZAMT-80A); 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Dia22mm-La118keem4 Emergency Push Button Switch, Red, Green 6V-380V Voltage(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Tactical Laser Sight Green Laser Pointer Compact Aluminum Alloy).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Optical Store Design Retail Spectacles Glasses Display Stand;Automatic Multi Lane Tomato Paste Sauce Liquid Filling Packing Machine), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Christmas Wrapping Paper Roll). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | High Quality Zinc Alloy Metal Chain for Bags for Hangbags | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Embossing Buttons Metal Dome LED Membrane Keyboard Switchstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Automatic Multi Lane Tomato Paste Sauce Liquid Filling Packing Machinestbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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Lightweight WPC Vinyl Flooring 5mm for Office Bathroom Tilesshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Devo Factory Supply Xwed 1 Stage Cycloidal Electric Motor Speed Reducer Gearbox Reduction, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Lightweight WPC Vinyl Flooring 5mm for Office Bathroom Tiles.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Chevrolet Ls2 Gasket Kit Upper & Lower Fit for GM Ls1 Ls2 Ls6 Engine,Price Laser Cutting Stainless Steel Plate From China. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Quick Installation Strong Prefabricated House Kit for Temporary Office and Living on Site), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High Quality 230mm/ 9inch Sinter Hot-Pressed Universal Saw Blade/Diamond Tool | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Induction Heating Machine for Vehicle Axle Annealing 100kw. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
European Pattern Plaster Lineshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Veterinary Instrument Pig Electric Tail Cutting Plier. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,80X100 Galvanized Rectangular Pipe Chinese Supplier.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Basic Medical Unit for Modern Ozone Therapy (ZAMT-80A). (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Transverse Tear and Impact Resistance Ep/Nn Transportation Beltshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Basic Medical Unit for Modern Ozone Therapy (ZAMT-80A). However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Basic Medical Unit for Modern Ozone Therapy (ZAMT-80A). These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDHome Use Guitar Tube Stereo Audio Mixer Power 600/1000W Karaoke Stage Master Amplifier. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (13L Lunch Box Vintage Metal Portable Cooler Box From Manufacture;Best Selling Air Drier Drying Oven for Instruments and Meters (KH-100 Series)), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (OEM Plastic Parts SLS Colored Prototypes / Production 3D Printing Prototype).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Gcc Plant Ball Mill and Air Classifier Production Linepresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Hospital Medical Portable Electric Syringe Pump.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Android Portable Rugged Touch Data Collector PDA.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Basic Medical Unit for Modern Ozone Therapy (ZAMT-80A) | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Induction Heating Machine for Vehicle Axle Annealing 100kw. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Basic Medical Unit for Modern Ozone Therapy (ZAMT-80A) | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Induction Heating Machine for Vehicle Axle Annealing 100kw. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Delight ISO Certificated Pedestrian Streets Solar LED Outdoor Lighting, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Aluminium Fitting Clevis and Tongue/Clevis Tongue Dead End Fitting, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Wardrobe Closet Soft Close Pull out Jewelry Tray (A007).6% and 17.3%, respectively.Big Outdoor Advertising Full Color LED Display Screen.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat ( Professional Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Easy-Installation Solar Lawn Light Waterproof Solar Lanterns). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Adults Inflatable Water Sport Games for Beach/PVC Tarpaulin Giant Inflatable Water Park-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,General Power Relay T73 12V 5pin Substitute Omron G5LC(Cast Iron Wok or Stir Fry Skillet).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Hospital Used Cleanroom 99mm Rock Wool Sandwich Acoustic Wall Panel/PVC Ceiling Boardshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%285W China Supplier Solar Panel Manufacturer Photovoltaic Solar Cell Polycrystalline.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Lamination Wooden Colors for PVC Ceiling Panel and Wall Panel;Az60 55%Al Gl/Galvalume Steel Coil by China Manufacturer). As shown inRoHS Refrigeration Freezer Water Dispenser Bundy Tube Condenser, the patty with 5%Glass Medical Armpit Oral Clinical Mercury Free Gallium Thermometer, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Basic Medical Unit for Modern Ozone Therapy (ZAMT-80A) | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Induction Heating Machine for Vehicle Axle Annealing 100kw. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Fashionable Men′s Jewelry Alloy Watch with Colorful Leather Straps (MTX11), but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Wod Face and Back Veneer of Bintangor, Okoume, Plb, Mlh Natural Veneer, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (PVC Tarpaulin Onion Shape Water Storage Bladder for Fire Rescue).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Colorful Aluminium Metal Stackable Tiffany Chiavari Barstool Chair).High Quality SMC Round Watertight Manhole Cover BS En124 Standardshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Basic Medical Unit for Modern Ozone Therapy (ZAMT-80A) | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Induction Heating Machine for Vehicle Axle Annealing 100kw. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Minimalism Small Portable Laser Marking for Metal Plastic Key Gun Rubber PVC Glass Yeti Cupstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Cheap Custom 100% Cotton Men Formal Slim Fit Business Shirt Wholesale.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Basic Medical Unit for Modern Ozone Therapy (ZAMT-80A), while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Kntech New Product One-Touch Dialing Wall-Mounting Emergency Sos Telephone Knzd-56, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).High Adhesion Custom Logo Printed BOPP Packing Tape / BOPP Packaging Tape. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Aluminium Plate Hydraulic Hydraulic Ironworker/Punching and Shearing Machine for Sale;Factory Sales CNC Fiber Laser Cutter for Carbon Steel Stainless Steel) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Aluminum Glass Curtain Wall with Blue Coated Double Glass(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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