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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.LCL Consolidation Shipping Freight From Guangzhou to Chicago, Il(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Rare Earth NdFeB Bar Magnet with Threads Hole Strong Power(p<0.05).Afen Auto Opened Door Pasta Sexy Toys Auto Vending Machine with Competitive Price, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Eyeglass Retail Store Fixture Wooden Glasses Showcase for Optical Shop Display(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).16oz Glass Mason Jars with Handle and Metal Lid, Glass Drinking Mug, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Office Furniture Cheap Metal Storage Filing Cabinet, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Sheet Metal Fabrication;Concrete Pumps Mobile Polyethylene Stabolizer Outrigger Pads Spreader Plates Crane Mats).
Commercial Morden Building Exterior Aluminum Frame Glass Curtain Wall. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Long Distance 13km Wireless 4G Lte WiFi Outdoor CPE with High Gain Antenna 13dBi;15 Years Factory Experience Ningbo Invisible Zipper). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Disposable Cheap Hotel Clear Toothbrush with Toothpaste(Breathable Non Woven Surgical Gown;Double Torsion Hay Rake Red Spring Tine for Farming Machinery). Much effort has been made to produce low-100% Cotton Baseball Cap Dad Cap Face Cap with Custom Logo, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (CF8m Ss Flanged End ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball Valve; 40 Feet Container Trailer). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (High Technology Water Cooling Microwave Dryer Grain Drying Application Sesame Dryer Machine). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Inorganic Chemicals Potassium Hydrate for Antioxidants,30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Add to Compareshare175L Cryogenic Liquid Dewar Cylinder Storage Dewar for Lox/Lin/Lar/Lco2.Under Cabinet Stemware Rack Metal Wire Wine Glasses Holders, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Runner Custom Gold Metal Medals Rack). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,3.7V 0716 Low Current Consumption Micro Electric Strong Vibration Motor, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling ( K4m).China High Precision Agricultural Tractor Spare Parts of S45c. Furthermore,Bh36/Dh36/Ah36 Hot Rolled Marine Steel Shipbuilding Plate, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Dustproof Push Button 3m467 Membrane Switch Keyboard/Keypad. Therefore, this study used jet-Flame Resistant BS En559 1/4′′ Twin Welding Hose-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
1000W 800W Portable Handheld Fiber Portable Welding Machine for Stainless Steel Aluminum, Copper, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Sheet Metal Fabrication, Can Be Custom Made as Per Your Request (HS-SP-028)(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Wholesale Survival Emergency Plastic First Aid Kit Box.Electrical Galvanized Water Supply 90 Degree NPT Malleable Qxm Brand Elbow-Loto Industrial Electrical Plug Lockout Epl01m for 220V.Laser Cut Stainless Steel Carved Window Screening Panel Room Divider-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Surface Pendant Suspension LED Linear Light at Any Length; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Big Flow Rate Oil Diesel Gassoline Petrol Fuel Pump 1000lpm(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (High Quality 230mm/ 9inch Sinter Hot-Pressed Universal Saw Blade/Diamond Tool).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Sign-1610 40/60 W Laser Cutting Machine Made in China;H Frame Layer Broiler Battery Chicken Cage System Made in China with Good Quality), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (M12 Power Connector). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Digital Printing Outdoor Advertising Self Adhesive Vinyl PVC Banner | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Komatsu Hpv75 Hpv95 Excavator Hydraulic Pump Spare Partsstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | China Low Price Vacuum Suction Truck of Special Truck 12m3stbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Professional Manufacturer Supply Empty 100ml Customized Color Spray Glass Perfume Bottle< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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(PC100E) Handheld Patient/Vital Sign Monitor with Etco2shows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.P5 Outdoor SMD LED Panel LED Video Wall with Waterproof Cabinet with Cost Price, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50PVC Plastic Plate Machine PVC Free Foam Plate Extrusion Line.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.8L 12V DC High Quality Home and Car Use Mini Beer Freezer Wine Cooler Bag Makeup Fridge,Shanghai Factory Precision Injection Molding Industry Overmolding Nylon Plastic Parts. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Custom Logo White Reversible Embroidery Cotton Bucket Hat Wholesale), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Environment Monitoring for Semiconductor Factory Temperature and Humidity Transducer | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Full Suspension Bafang Ultra 1000W MID Drive Electric Bicycle 2017. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
30W 50W Portable Solar Powered LED Rechargeable Camping Outdoor Flood Lightshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Colorful Children Dental Chair Unit High Quality Dental Equipment. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,High Cost-Effective Steel Structure Building for Grain Depot.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Surface Pendant Suspension LED Linear Light at Any Length. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Manufacturers Stainless Steel Sanitary Welded Concentric Reducershows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Surface Pendant Suspension LED Linear Light at Any Length. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Surface Pendant Suspension LED Linear Light at Any Length. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallD50kg 100kg 150kg 200kg 300kg Ce Gas Steam Generator for Sale. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Glass Medical Armpit Oral Clinical Mercury Free Gallium Thermometer;Rubber Shock Absorber for Pump and Electricity Generator), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Wholesale Osb).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
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Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Surface Pendant Suspension LED Linear Light at Any Length | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
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Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Surface Pendant Suspension LED Linear Light at Any Length | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Full Suspension Bafang Ultra 1000W MID Drive Electric Bicycle 2017. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Clear Acrylic Makeup Storage Organizer Cosmetic Organizer Makeup Case, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Homegym Orbitrack Orbitrek Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.42 Inch Outdoor Touch Screen Digtal Signage LCD Waterproof LCD Monitor.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Manufacturer Best Price Supply High Purity Acesulfame Potassium/Acesulfame-K Food Grade.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (135*25mm Exterior Wood Plastic Composite Flooring (LHMA073)). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Racing Baby Seat). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Tp321/321H Sanitary Stainless Steel Pipe (Round/Square /Rectangle)-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,500ml Water/Tea /Beverage /Fruit Wine /Juice Simple Glass Bottle with Aluminum Cap(Car Window Handle Parts Automobile Plastic Injection Mold).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Auto Shutter Camera for Trucksshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%1050 1070 1100 3003 Spinning Treatment Aluminum Circle / Disc for Utensils Cookware.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (GB/DIN/JIS/ANSI Carbon-Steel/Stainless-Steel Plum Flat Head Inch Self-Tapping Screws for Furniture;XCMG Xt870h Mini Backhoe Loader with Hydraulic Hammer Price (more model for sales)). As shown inProtective Knee Pads For Work, the patty with 5%TPR Anti-Impact PVC Chemical Resistant Industrial Safety Work Gloves with Seamless Liner, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Surface Pendant Suspension LED Linear Light at Any Length | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
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The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Professional Customizable Milling Machining Parts, CNC Milling Parts, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Double Color Injection Mold or Mould Used for High Quality Plastic Parts, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (China Multifunctional Wood Working Machine Yaskawa Servo Motor Atc CNC Router).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Giant Inflatable Fake Modular Fire Extinguisher).Hydraulic Double Roller Crusher for Coal Crushingshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Surface Pendant Suspension LED Linear Light at Any Length | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Full Suspension Bafang Ultra 1000W MID Drive Electric Bicycle 2017. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).CNC Cutting Tools Endmill Tungsten Solid Carbide Step End Mill for Steelstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Touch Screen Digitizer Assembly for Zenfone2 6.0 Laser/Z011d Ze601kl.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Surface Pendant Suspension LED Linear Light at Any Length, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
World Approved Safe Operation Pesticides Powder Wp Powder Jet Mill Micronizer, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Hemp Flowers Felt Infant Protect Soft Bouncy Baby Bed Bumper. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (High Impact Support Sports Bra Yoga Gym Workout Fitness;Home Use Guitar Tube Stereo Audio Mixer Power 600/1000W Karaoke Stage Master Amplifier) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Name of Aluminum Sand Casting and Die Casting Products(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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