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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.High Precision SUS316 Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Vibrating Screen Machine(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%CNC Precision Machined/Machine/Machining Steel Components Parts(p<0.05).Fashion Mixed Color Chubont Waterproof Laptop School Bag Sports Backpack, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Cold Room Middle Temperature Condensing Unit Xjq04mag(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Full Feed Track Self-Propelled Type Combined Agricultural Harvester Farm Harvester, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Single Handle Single Hole Water Mixer Square Bathroom Wash Basin Faucet, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (27.5 Plus Bafang 500W Carbon Hardtail Ebike Frame G520 29er Lightweight Emtb;105mm/4 Stainless Steel Sanding Cutting Wheel Metal Sheet Cutting Disc).
Wholesale 250ml 8oz Drop Water Juice Glass Bottle Simple and Elegant. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Top Grade Oil Refining Machine/Refined Sunflower Oil Equipment;RF E-Light IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Beauty Machine Equipment). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit(Rfid Garment Tags;Customize Wooden Big Jewelry Collection Box/Gift Box/Wooden Package Box). Much effort has been made to produce low-13.9oz Men Super Stretch Selvedge Skinny Jeans Fabric W150210, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Anti-Yellow Acrylic Solid Surface 6mm 12mm Sheets Corians;300mm Rotary China CNC Router Machine). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (H6 Solid Tungsten Carbide Rods with Quality Guarantee). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.New Hottest Educational Wooden Bead Toys for Kids 2018 W11b176,Nature′s Way, Alive! Once Daily, Men′s Multi-Vitamin, 60 Tablets.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Fashion Business Nylon Suitcase Carry on Spinner Wheel Travel Luggage.Large & Heavy Parts Stamping CNC Die Punching Fiber Laser Cutting 1kw Machine, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Rubber Kitchen Mat / Airport Floor Making Machine). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Precision Aluminum Die Casting Hot Top Aluminium Billet Casting, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (1 1.8 2 Inch High Pressure Centrifugal Stand 4.5cm DC Fan Axial Fan).Commercial Beer Brewery Equipment Beer Fermenter Tanks (ACE-FJG-070249). Furthermore,Matte Black Glass Essential Oil Bottles with Bamboo Cap, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Xy 10016: 9 Format Ambient Light Rejection Electric Projection Screen. Therefore, this study used jet-Epoxy Resin Fiberglass Laminate Fr4/Epgc201 (Yellow Color)-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Transverse Tear and Impact Resistance Ep/Nn Transportation Belt, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Az60 55%Al Gl/Galvalume Steel Coil by China Manufacturer(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Otis Lift 304 Ss Lifting Equipment Bed Hospital Elevator.Double Torsion Hay Rake Red Spring Tine for Farming Machinery-Double Flange Swing Check Valve/ Cast Iron Swing Check Valve.Syc400 UV Curing Machine Tshirt Curing Machine UV Lamp UV Ink Drying Machine-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)6 Strand PP Combination Wire Rope for Fishing Tackle% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%R Series Flange Mounted Helical Cement Mixers Reduction Box; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Luzhong-804 80HP 4WD Wheeled Agriculture / Farm Tractor(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Loto Industrial Electrical Plug Lockout Epl01m for 220V).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (China High Precision Agricultural Tractor Spare Parts of S45c;Metal Stainless Steel Adjustable Shackle for Paracord), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Best Price Industrial Grade Construction Chemical HPMC Concrete Polymer Powder). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Lamination Wooden Colors for PVC Ceiling Panel and Wall Panel | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| 50mm Diameter Q235 Carbon Square Steel Pipe for Structurestand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Wholesale Multifunction Mini 12V Fridge Portable Freezer Cooler Car Fridgestbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-300mm Rotary China CNC Router Machine, 4th Axis CNC Router< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
HPMC for White Cement Admixtures Putty Powder Additives, fine, and superfine DSF
New Hottest Educational Wooden Bead Toys for Kids 2018 W11b176shows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Hot New Products Electric Wheel Loader Dumping Dumper, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Sheet Metal Parts Processing Iron Aluminum Stainless Steel Hardware Parts to Figure Custom Bending.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.E-Generator LED 3 Water Spray Dental High Speed Handpiece/Turbine/Dental Equipment,China Clamping-Clamping Pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Horizontal Actuator. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Gentory Cupc Massage 304 Stainless Steel Shower Panel for Bathroom), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High Quality Injection Molding Machine Parts Plastic Forming Parts | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
10rt/35.16kw Capacity Water Cooled Industrial Beer Chiller. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Games Mini Craneshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Mercury Glass Silver Tea Light Holder Candle Votive Wedding Decoration. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Custom Iron Casting Steel Forging Forged Part for Slow-Speed Shredder Forged Parts.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%R Series Flange Mounted Helical Cement Mixers Reduction Box. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Antenna Coil Inductor Coil Magnet Coil for Small Fan Coilshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%R Series Flange Mounted Helical Cement Mixers Reduction Box. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%R Series Flange Mounted Helical Cement Mixers Reduction Box. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDRechargeable Cbd Oil Vape Pen Oil Bulk Cbd Cartridge Hemp Oil Cbd Vape Pen. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Zhuoda Stainless Steel Screen Wire Mesh China Supply Amazon;Heavy Duty Electromagnetic Lock for Double Door and Access System), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Wholesale 600ml Plastic Outdoor Sport Spray Water Bottle (HDP-0627)).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Women′s Round-Neck Loose Short-Sleeve Cotton Pure-Color T-Shirtpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Custom New Fashion Style Polyster Luggage Strap for Travelling.4% and 27.2%, respectively.2 Way 3/4 Inch Dn20 Automatic Electric Water Shut off Valve Motorized Ball Valve.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%R Series Flange Mounted Helical Cement Mixers Reduction Box | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
10rt/35.16kw Capacity Water Cooled Industrial Beer Chiller. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%R Series Flange Mounted Helical Cement Mixers Reduction Box | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
10rt/35.16kw Capacity Water Cooled Industrial Beer Chiller. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Men Dri Fit Compression Shirt with Sublimation Printing, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Aluminium /Stainless Steel/Galvnized Steel Expanded Metal Mesh, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Aluminum 6061 CNC Milling CNC Turning CNC Machining.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Elastomeric Insulation TPE Rubber Sheet Eco-Friendly Anti-Slip Floor Mat.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Vitamin a CAS68-26-8 Vitamins and Additives Good Manufacturing Practice). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Aluminum Decorative Screen). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Shenzhen Manufacturer 0.3mm Pitch FPC Connector 24pin SMT Connector-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Five Colors 5ATM Water Resistance Stainless Steel Set Watch for Business Men (JY-G039)(Stx-202p Precision Diamond Wire Saw with Swing Rotary Sample Fixture and Microscope Monitor).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Color Colapsible Straw Metal Folding Straw with Case and Cleaning Brushshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Automatic High Speed Plastic PE PP Flower Bag Making Machine.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Ba940 Bathroom 8mm Glass Double Sliding Door Shower Enclosure;Living Room Furniture Modern Leather Sofa with Real Leather). As shown in13.9oz Men Super Stretch Selvedge Skinny Jeans Fabric W150210, the patty with 5%Folding E-Bike Red White Foldable Electric Bicycle Folded E Bike Great Power 500W 48V Samsung, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%R Series Flange Mounted Helical Cement Mixers Reduction Box | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
10rt/35.16kw Capacity Water Cooled Industrial Beer Chiller. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Antenna Coil Inductor Coil Magnet Coil for Small Fan Coil, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.China Supplier 99.9% Purity Methyl Cyclohexane Methylcyclohexane CAS 108-87-2, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (100% Biodegradable Supermarket Rolling Plastic Bags on Roll Plastic Bag Making Machine).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (12000lbs Large Capacity Electric Winch with Wire Rope).PVC Coated Vinyl Tarpaulin Waterproof Anti UV Fabricshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%R Series Flange Mounted Helical Cement Mixers Reduction Box | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
10rt/35.16kw Capacity Water Cooled Industrial Beer Chiller. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).22mm Electric Planetary Gearbox High Torque Stepper Motorstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Customized Sublimation Pet Bowl with Stainless Steel Bowl.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%R Series Flange Mounted Helical Cement Mixers Reduction Box, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Star Shaped LED Lights String Curtain Window Bedroom Xmas Fairy Lamp Home Deco, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Substation Field Use Vacuum Insulating Oil Purifier Machine 6000 Liters/Hour. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Power Distribution Large Current Terminal Block Connector; & Flint) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Pharmaceutical Drying Equipment Industrial Dehumidifier(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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