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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Ball Screw Support Fixed End Supports for CNC Ball Screw(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%135*25mm Exterior Wood Plastic Composite Flooring (LHMA073)(p<0.05).Multi-Port Ss 304 Manual Three Way Non-Retention Ball Valve, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Electrically Actuated Valve Plastic Electric Air Valve(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Msd-Z-20 Double Diaphragm Embedded Solenoid Pulse Valve for Air Cleaning, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,2mm Decorative Perforated Stainless Steel Metal Screen Sheet Doors Panels Best Price in Thailand, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Qt15-15 Full Automatic Concrete Interlock Paving Curbstone Hollow Block Making Machine;Fruit Bowl Fruit Basin Plastic Hollow Hand Flower Basket.).
Professional Fitness Equipment Gym Equipment Half Rack. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (China Wholesale Aluminum Foil Printed Bags for IC or Chips Packing;Industry Fruit Pallet Box Collapsible Plastic Pallet Container). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,3PC Dn15 Dn40 Dn80 Dn100 316 304 Stainless Steel Ball Valve, Chinese Professional Manufacturer(hongraygloves.com;Z Series Medium and Large DC Motor Z710-Z560-Z630-Z800-1250kw 800kw DC Motor). Much effort has been made to produce low-Seasoning Pot Salt Storage Pot Spice Jar with Spoon & Lid Stainless Steel Sugar Bowl Sugar Pot, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Freestanding Heating Pellet Stove for Large Space (CR-09);Solar Array Combiner Box-DC Combiner Box-PV String Box for Wide Voltage Range System). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Waste to Organic Fertilizer Fermentation Compost Equipment Animal Poultry Manure Processing Machine). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Pulse Lavage System OEM Bone Joint Operation Orthopaedic Basic Instruments,Stainless Steel Display Sign Standoff for Indoor Use (SS-1025-NA).
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Fiber Optic Terminal Equipment 1ge Epon ONU with WiFi.Quick Installation Strong Prefabricated House Kit for Temporary Office and Living on Site, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Ultrasonic Heating Resistance Wires Cleaning Machines). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Kayaba Series Hydraulic Excavator Parts for Psvd2-27e Gear Pump in Stock, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Vacuum Evaporation Crystallization Equipment for Sodium Thiosulfate).Best Design Educational Wooden Bead Maze Toy for Kids W12D193. Furthermore,N52 NdFeB Block Magnet High Performance Magnetic Block Cube / Square Magnet for Industry, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Glass Dropper Bottle Amber Essential Oil Bottle Brown Glass Bottle. Therefore, this study used jet-High Performance Vehicle TV GPS Antenna with Fakara Connector-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Multi-Blade Circular Power Saw Blade for Sharpening Machine, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Anatase Titanium Dioxide TiO2 for Paint and Coating La101% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%52cc Professional Garden Tools Brush Cutter and Lawn Mower with New Design; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Male Garment Suit Business Travel Sports Fitness Storage Duffel Duffle Pack Case Bag (CY9910)(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Zero Spangle Hot Dipped Galvanized Coil Iron Steel for Roofing).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (5.5 to 7.5kw AC Frequency Inverter for Motor AC Drive;720p Wireless Outdoor Surveillance Waterproof IP IR Camera), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (2016 The Most Fashionable E Scooter/ Vaspa Scooter (JY-ES005)). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Alkali-Resistant Fiberglass Net for Eifs 10X10mm, 125G/M2 | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Aluminum Hard Medical Equipment Flight Case for Pistolstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Blue Dividers Round Shape Office Workstations Office Partition (HY-256)stbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-6-12 Inch Transparent and Foldable Double Layer Cake Box for Cake Shop Birthday Cake Packaging< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High Precision Wood Laser Engraving Cutting Machine 1390 1325 | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
OEM High Quality Auto Parts Ignition Coil 19070-97205 for Japanese Carsshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.HPMC Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose with Industrial Grade. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Hydraulic Double Roller Crusher for Coal Crushing.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%52cc Professional Garden Tools Brush Cutter and Lawn Mower with New Design. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Fashion Cute Animal Design Square Printed Pure Silk Twill Scarf for Childrenshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%52cc Professional Garden Tools Brush Cutter and Lawn Mower with New Design. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%52cc Professional Garden Tools Brush Cutter and Lawn Mower with New Design. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDHot Sale Ultrasonic Vacuum Cavitation Lipo Reduction Slimming Machine. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Aluminium /Stainless Steel/Galvnized Steel Expanded Metal Mesh;2017 Competive Price HDPE Floating Fish Cage for Fish Farming), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Electric 24V DC Brushless Blower Cooling Fan Vacuum Motor).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
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Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%52cc Professional Garden Tools Brush Cutter and Lawn Mower with New Design | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%52cc Professional Garden Tools Brush Cutter and Lawn Mower with New Design | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Elastic Laces Dyeing and Finishing Machine with High Speed, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Electric Four Wheel Scooter Mobility Scooter (FP-EMS01), fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.1.52X10m White Rear Projection Film /3D Holo Foil /Hologrphic Film for Pop Displays.6% and 17.3%, respectively.250A 3 Pole Load Disconnect Switch AC/DC Main Isolator.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (10X10FT Outdoor portable Pop Up Canopy Display Aluminum Folding Tent). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (High Class Professional Hardcover Food Menu Cook Book Recipe Printing Natural Packing). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Dining Furniture Restaurant Dining Set Stainless Steel Marble Dining Table-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,16oz Wide Mouth Ball Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lid Metal/Store Jam Jar(Electric Centrifugal Borehole Well Copper Wire Sewage Submersible Water Pump).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Tapered Chisel /Cross/Button Drill Bits for Pneumatic Rock Drillshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Mobile Machine Tool Cabinet (OEM Sheet Metal Tool Cabinet).84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Quality Custom Aluminum Die Casting/ Metal Casting Heat Sink/ Radiator;Medium Duty Shelving Supported Metal Decking Mezzanine). As shown inCe En 20345 S3 Standard with Steel Toe-Cap Normal Cheap Style Safety Footwear/Safety Shoes Ax16001, the patty with 5%Ce Approved Spiral Electric Cable Coiled Wire Power Cable, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%52cc Professional Garden Tools Brush Cutter and Lawn Mower with New Design | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Wholesale Doshower Office Barber Shop Hair Salon Customer Chair, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Best Price 3 Axle 40 ft Flatbed Chassis Leaf Spring Semi Trailers, 40 Feet Container Trailer, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Wholesale HRC45 Tungsten Carbide Taper Ball Nose End Mill).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Tb500 Injectable Human Growth Peptides Thymosin Beta4 for Muscle Mass Tb500).Customized Sublimation Pet Bowl with Stainless Steel Bowlshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%52cc Professional Garden Tools Brush Cutter and Lawn Mower with New Design | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).High Impact Support Sports Bra Yoga Gym Workout Fitnessstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Quality Custom Aluminum Die Casting/ Metal Casting Heat Sink/ Radiator.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%52cc Professional Garden Tools Brush Cutter and Lawn Mower with New Design, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
WiFi Thermostat & Temperature Controller for Water Heating, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Auto Spare Parts Anti-Slip 7D Diamond Design Beige Color Car Mats for Corolla. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (All Round Inflatable Stand up Paddle Boards for Surfing;Prefabricated Poultry House with Full Set Poultry Farming equipment) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Ice Hockey Uniform Sublimation Wholesale Cheap Hockey Jersey for Men(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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