Flaker, Granular, Powder, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Cryogen Agent
Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Kw004fk PTFE Fiberglass and Kevlar Open Mesh Conveyor Belt(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Hot Sale LED Strip Light with Blister Package (SMD3528/SMD5050)(p<0.05).High Quality Swivel Pin Semi Trailer Truck Part King Pin, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Ozone/Plasma Fruit and Vegetable Cleaning Washing Cleaner for Family(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Warehouse Heavy Duty Drive-in Storage Racking Manufacturer, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Plastic Cup Soft Tissue Paper Pen Box Packing Machine, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Waste to Organic Fertilizer Fermentation Compost Equipment Animal Poultry Manure Processing Machine;Vacuum Evaporation Crystallization Equipment for Sodium Thiosulfate).
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Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Aerial & Underground GYFTY-G Lashed Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable with Glass Yarn Armoured.Factory Dying Hilo Polyester 250d Bonded Thread for Sewing Tent, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Biogas Steel Anaerobic Organic Biodigester for Industrial Wastewater). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Cummins ISF diesel engine parts oil filter element LF17356 5266016, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Bathroom Acrylic Vanity Stool Shower Stool Acrylic Stone Shower Stool).Creality Cr-10 V2 3D Printer with Tempered Glass Plate and Five Free Nozzle Build Volume. Furthermore,High Density Fire Retardant Foam Board 4X8 PVC Foam Sheet, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Bl2080 Textile PVC Artificial Synthetic Leather for Sofa. Therefore, this study used jet-Hospital Used Cleanroom 99mm Rock Wool Sandwich Acoustic Wall Panel/PVC Ceiling Board-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Customized Auto Part Prototype / Prototyping /Rapid Prototype(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)2019 Winter New 500W Home Use Small Portable Personal Mini White Electric Fan Heater (DH-QN06).High Quality Custom Wholesale Price of Green Silicon Carbide for Abrasive-Diamond Silver Ring Silver Plated Zircon Butterfly Shape Women Ring.Hotel Advanced Cold Diffusing Electric Aroma Scent Diffuser with Oils-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)CNC Router Machine with Automatic Tool Changer (XE1325/1530)% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Food Grade LLDPE Material OEM Available Plastic Ice Cooler Box; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Red Color Folding Gift Packaging Box with Magnet Closure(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Fashion Business Nylon Suitcase Carry on Spinner Wheel Travel Luggage).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Fashion Cute Animal Design Square Printed Pure Silk Twill Scarf for Children;Aluminium /Stainless Steel/Galvnized Steel Expanded Metal Mesh), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Seer 15 DC 115V Inverter Cooling&Heating Wall Split Air Conditioner). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Rechargeable LFP Prismatic LiFePO4 Battery 3.2V 10ah Pouch Cell for Solar Storage | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| 2019 High Speed Dirt Bike Electric Scooter 2000W with Rockerstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Hardware Tool Set EVA Insert Pack Box Bag Storage Casestbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Transtones Customize Shape for Kitchen Top Wall Panels< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflatable Rubber Mandrels for Culvert Construction | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Heavy Duty Electromagnetic Lock for Double Door and Access System. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Electric Scooter Franceshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Various Types of Aluminum/Steel/Brass Sheet Metal Stamping/Punching Parts. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,High Quality Psa Oxygen Cylinder Filling for Hospital.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Food Grade LLDPE Material OEM Available Plastic Ice Cooler Box. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Electric Centrifugal Borehole Well Copper Wire Sewage Submersible Water Pumpshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Food Grade LLDPE Material OEM Available Plastic Ice Cooler Box. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Food Grade LLDPE Material OEM Available Plastic Ice Cooler Box. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDSolas Inflatable Life Vest Life Jackets with E Cccs Certificate Inflatable Life Jacket. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Tapered Chisel /Cross/Button Drill Bits for Pneumatic Rock Drill;Quality Custom Aluminum Die Casting/ Metal Casting Heat Sink/ Radiator), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Baler Parts With Good Quality For Agriculture).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Medium Duty Shelving Supported Metal Decking Mezzaninepresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.China Ginger Water Spray High Pressure Washing Machine.4% and 27.2%, respectively.CNC Machining Milling or Turning Process Metal Micro Parts for Precision Equipment.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Food Grade LLDPE Material OEM Available Plastic Ice Cooler Box | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
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Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Food Grade LLDPE Material OEM Available Plastic Ice Cooler Box | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Heavy Duty Electromagnetic Lock for Double Door and Access System. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.43 Meters Truck-Mounted Boom Pump/Pump Truck/Concrete Pump, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,16t Iron Metal Belt Mechanical Power Press for Sale, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Sc12 Core 2mm Breakout Fanout Optical Fiber Patch Leads.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Hotel and Homeuse Plastic Electric Kettle Plastic Cover Plastic Injection Molding.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Tb500 Injectable Human Growth Peptides Thymosin Beta4 for Muscle Mass Tb500). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Popular Wood Veneer Desk Easy Installation Office Table Solid Wood Furniture (CAS-VA11)). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Rotary Drilling Rig Drilling Machine Cummins Engine-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Adult Broken Filament Camouflage Breathable Clothing Outdoor Safety Product(Customized Sublimation Pet Bowl with Stainless Steel Bowl).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
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Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Food Grade LLDPE Material OEM Available Plastic Ice Cooler Box | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
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The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.China Manufacture Coaxial Cable Rg Series (RG11, RG6, RG59, RG213, RG214, RG58) Rg214 Coaxial, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Bathroom & Kitchen Fitting Stainless Steel Floor Drain, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (500ml Water/Tea /Beverage /Fruit Wine /Juice Simple Glass Bottle with Aluminum Cap).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (8.5kVA Single Phase Silent Type Portable Diesel Generators).P10.4 Outdoor LED Transparent Display Screen Glass Curtain Screenshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Food Grade LLDPE Material OEM Available Plastic Ice Cooler Box | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Heavy Duty Electromagnetic Lock for Double Door and Access System. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Ceramic Grain Abrasive for Making Quality Bonded/Coated Abrasivesstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Semi Auto Pet Preform Bottle Blowing Machine Price to Make Plastic Water Bottles, Jars, Oil Bottles.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Food Grade LLDPE Material OEM Available Plastic Ice Cooler Box, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Acid Solvent Resistant Pipe Flexible Rubber Suction Chemical Hose 2 3 Inch, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).China 12mm Parquet HDF Laminated Flooring Wood Laminate Parquet Flooring. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (OEM Customized Stainless Steel Aluminum Sheet Metal Laser Cutting Bending Welding Forming Parts;3020 Desktop 3D Mini CNC Engraving Drilling and Milling Machine) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Qt4-15 Fully Automatic Interlocking Block Hollow Brick Porous Block Making Machine(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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