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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Wholesales Nwt Baseball Christmas Holiday Sports Cap Hat Customized(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Precision Machining Metal CNC Custom Aluminum Glossy Black Andozing Parts(p<0.05).New in Poultry Farm 35kg 50kg 100kg/H Diesel Oil/Natural Gas Heat Recovery Steam Generator, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Power Distribution Large Current Terminal Block Connector(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Fiber Laser Machine 1000W for Sheet Metal and Tube Cutting, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Wear Resistant Impact Carrying Idler/Roller Installed at The Belt Conveyor, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (FAW HOWO Shacman Dongfeng Beiben Foton Truck Spare Parts Thrust Washer;10rt/35.16kw Capacity Water Cooled Industrial Beer Chiller).
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Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-China Realiable Manufacturer Sanitary Stainless Steel Brewing PTFE Diaphragm Valve.European Hotel Decorative Natual Shell Square Standing Floor Lamp, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Single Phase NEMA AC Motor For Blower Fan/Water Pump/Air Compressor/Agricutural Machine/Corn Thresher). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Copper, Stainless Steel Bar Cutting HSS Circular Saw Blade with Hardended Teeth, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Fashion Golden Plated Crown Tip Commercial Steel Door Hinge).Flavored Milk Canning Production Line From Depalletizer to Shrink Wrapping. Furthermore,Daf Rubber Air Spring, Air Bag, Air Suspension Contitech 836mk1, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Stiff Wadding and Glue Free Wadding Production Line. Therefore, this study used jet-Basic Medical Unit for Modern Ozone Therapy (ZAMT-80A)-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Dia22mm-La118keem4 Emergency Push Button Switch, Red, Green 6V-380V Voltage, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
High Quality Zinc Alloy Metal Chain for Bags for Hangbags(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Embossing Buttons Metal Dome LED Membrane Keyboard Switch.Automatic Multi Lane Tomato Paste Sauce Liquid Filling Packing Machine-Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.New Arrival Hot Style Wholesale Brand Sunglasses China Sun Glasses-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Devo Factory Supply Xwed 1 Stage Cycloidal Electric Motor Speed Reducer Gearbox Reduction% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Lightweight WPC Vinyl Flooring 5mm for Office Bathroom Tiles; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Chevrolet Ls2 Gasket Kit Upper & Lower Fit for GM Ls1 Ls2 Ls6 Engine(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Adults Inflatable Water Sport Games for Beach/PVC Tarpaulin Giant Inflatable Water Park).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Automatic Disposable Paper Tea Cup Making Machine for India Market;Automatic Hot Sell Strapper Machine (JDB-1300A-T)), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (2019 Hot Sale Rigid White 4′x8′ Waterproof PVC Foam Board). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Price Laser Cutting Stainless Steel Plate From China | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| High Quality 230mm/ 9inch Sinter Hot-Pressed Universal Saw Blade/Diamond Toolstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Induction Heating Machine for Vehicle Axle Annealing 100kwstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Veterinary Instrument Pig Electric Tail Cutting Plier< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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Rail Transport Vehicles as Conveyor System Running From Workshop to Workshop (KPJ-25T)shows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Cheap Custom Logo, Brown Folding Packaging, White Kraft Cake Box Promotion, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Home Use Guitar Tube Stereo Audio Mixer Power 600/1000W Karaoke Stage Master Amplifier.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Hospital Medical Portable Electric Syringe Pump,Android Portable Rugged Touch Data Collector PDA. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (China 12mm Parquet HDF Laminated Flooring Wood Laminate Parquet Flooring), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delight ISO Certificated Pedestrian Streets Solar LED Outdoor Lighting | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Aluminium Fitting Clevis and Tongue/Clevis Tongue Dead End Fitting. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
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(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Lightweight WPC Vinyl Flooring 5mm for Office Bathroom Tiles. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
10-60ton Deep Drawing Small Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine with Mouldshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Lightweight WPC Vinyl Flooring 5mm for Office Bathroom Tiles. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Lightweight WPC Vinyl Flooring 5mm for Office Bathroom Tiles. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDGeneral Power Relay T73 12V 5pin Substitute Omron G5LC. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Eyeglass Retail Store Fixture Wooden Glasses Showcase for Optical Shop Display;High Quality Polycotton Latex Coated Impact Resistant Glove), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Carbide Rod).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
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Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Lightweight WPC Vinyl Flooring 5mm for Office Bathroom Tiles | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
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Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Lightweight WPC Vinyl Flooring 5mm for Office Bathroom Tiles | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Aluminium Fitting Clevis and Tongue/Clevis Tongue Dead End Fitting. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Fashionable Men′s Jewelry Alloy Watch with Colorful Leather Straps (MTX11), fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Wod Face and Back Veneer of Bintangor, Okoume, Plb, Mlh Natural Veneer, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Minimalism Small Portable Laser Marking for Metal Plastic Key Gun Rubber PVC Glass Yeti Cup.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Cheap Custom 100% Cotton Men Formal Slim Fit Business Shirt Wholesale.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Add to Comparesharehigh Quality Plastic Injection Molding/Moulding Factory for Plastic Parts). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Custom Printed Barbell Grips Silicone Hand Grip Rubber Protective Covers). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Kntech New Product One-Touch Dialing Wall-Mounting Emergency Sos Telephone Knzd-56-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,High Adhesion Custom Logo Printed BOPP Packing Tape / BOPP Packaging Tape(Unique Luxury Lady Man Perfume Bottle Cheap Glass Perfume Sprayer Bottle with Competitive Price).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
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Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Lightweight WPC Vinyl Flooring 5mm for Office Bathroom Tiles | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Aluminium Fitting Clevis and Tongue/Clevis Tongue Dead End Fitting. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.High Quality Lamella Clarifier for River Water Treatment System, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Professional Manufacturer Steel Tube CNC Peeling Lathe, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (1500W Stainless Steel Metal Sheet /Pipe/Tube Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Copper).Double Head Hydraulic Uncoiler Made in China (MDW-200)shows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Lightweight WPC Vinyl Flooring 5mm for Office Bathroom Tiles | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Aluminium Fitting Clevis and Tongue/Clevis Tongue Dead End Fitting. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Lifting and Hoisting Industrial Manual Chain Lever Block Vtstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%OEM Make Denso Type Auto Air Conditioner Compressor.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Lightweight WPC Vinyl Flooring 5mm for Office Bathroom Tiles, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Children Kids Clothing Baby Product Fleece Jackets Lightweight Plain, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).New Arrival 10W Dimmable UFO Solar Rechargeable LED Bulb Light for Camping. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Hot Sale PVC Plastic 3D Lenticular Cards Printing with Logo for The Competitive Price;3 Round Shape Indoor Citizen COB LED Recessed Down Light) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
High Quality Dental Unit Dental Chair for Kids China(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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