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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Manufacture Antique Hydraulic Electric Base Vintage Barber Chair(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Auto Parts Telescopic Hydraulic Cylinder for Heavy Duty Truck(p<0.05).1 1.8 2 Inch High Pressure Centrifugal Stand 4.5cm DC Fan Axial Fan, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Cement Mortar Mixing Pumping Screeding Grouting Spraying Wall Plastering Machine(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).High Quality and Cheap Price Non-Ferrous Metal Eddy Current Separator, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Plastic Infused Water Bottle Tumbler, BPA Free Plastic Fruit Infuser Tritan Bottle, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Induction Heating Machine for Vehicle Axle Annealing 100kw;Customized Auto Part Prototype / Prototyping /Rapid Prototype).
High Efficiency Superfine Micron Walnut Shell Air Jet Mill. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (ISO9001 China Supplier OEM High Quality Sheet Metal Fabrication;High Quality Universal Large Butterfly Safety Valve Lockout). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Stainless Steel Pipe Weight, Stainless Steel Pipe Price(Gige Vision Ethernet Cable with Screws Camera Side for Vision Inspection System;Green&Health Frozen Food Jumbo Island Display Freezer). Much effort has been made to produce low-Cheap Printing Materials 140g Double Matte PP Paper, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Hcvac Perfume Glass Bottle Metallization PVD Vacuum Coating Machine;Price Laser Cutting Stainless Steel Plate From China). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Two Wheels Self Balance Electric Chariot Scooter Ninebot Mini PRO). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.2901056300 Air Compressor Industrial Automatic Drain Valve,FAW HOWO Shacman Dongfeng Beiben Foton Truck Spare Parts Thrust Washer.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-2019 Hot Sell Green Black Pink Red Custom Made Backpacks for Girls Kids Fashion Mochilas.Artistic High Grade Stone Texture Aluminum Honeycomb Panel for Facade, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Scrap Copper Wire Granulator Separator Machine for Sale). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Ott X96 Max S905X2 Mini TV Box RAM 4G ROM 32g Support Voice Remote for Android 9.1 Smart TV Box, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling ( Red).Tapered Chisel /Cross/Button Drill Bits for Pneumatic Rock Drill. Furthermore,(SZ-WSL328) Hot Sale Decent Melamine Office Partition Staff Workstation for 4 Persons, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.7X12W Stage DMX Professional Moving Head LED Wash Lighting. Therefore, this study used jet-Stainless steel processing deep groove ball bearing 6302 OPEN-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Msd-Z-25 Double Diaphragm Embedded Solenoid Pulse Valve for Air Cleaning, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
High Precision SUS316 Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Vibrating Screen Machine(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)CNC Precision Machined/Machine/Machining Steel Components Parts.Fashion Mixed Color Chubont Waterproof Laptop School Bag Sports Backpack-Cold Room Middle Temperature Condensing Unit Xjq04mag.Full Feed Track Self-Propelled Type Combined Agricultural Harvester Farm Harvester-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Top 10 Industrial Gas Oil Fired Steam Boiler Manufacturers in China% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Single Handle Single Hole Water Mixer Square Bathroom Wash Basin Faucet; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Wholesale 250ml 8oz Drop Water Juice Glass Bottle Simple and Elegant(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Hanging Suspended Aluminum Profile for LED Pendant Linear Light).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Small Ozone Testing Detector Cosmetic Producing Plant Ozonizer;New Wireless Solar Power Bank 5000mAh 10000 mAh Cell Phone Charger), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Sexy Adult Costume). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| 13.9oz Men Super Stretch Selvedge Skinny Jeans Fabric W150210stand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | New Hottest Educational Wooden Bead Toys for Kids 2018 W11b176stbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Nature′s Way, Alive! Once Daily, Men′s Multi-Vitamin, 60 Tablets< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Fashion Business Nylon Suitcase Carry on Spinner Wheel Travel Luggage, fine, and superfine DSF
China Manufacturer Competitive Price Chlorine Cylinder Valveshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Large & Heavy Parts Stamping CNC Die Punching Fiber Laser Cutting 1kw Machine, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Precision Aluminum Die Casting Hot Top Aluminium Billet Casting.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Commercial Beer Brewery Equipment Beer Fermenter Tanks (ACE-FJG-070249),Matte Black Glass Essential Oil Bottles with Bamboo Cap. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Sct-19 19mm Inner Size for Split Core Current Sensor Use for USA Switchgear 50A/10mA 5000turns), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xy 10016: 9 Format Ambient Light Rejection Electric Projection Screen | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Epoxy Resin Fiberglass Laminate Fr4/Epgc201 (Yellow Color). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
100mm Stk500 Schedule 40 Galvanized Steel Pipe Priceshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Transverse Tear and Impact Resistance Ep/Nn Transportation Belt. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Az60 55%Al Gl/Galvalume Steel Coil by China Manufacturer.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Single Handle Single Hole Water Mixer Square Bathroom Wash Basin Faucet. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Xy 10016: 9 Format Ambient Light Rejection Electric Projection Screenshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Single Handle Single Hole Water Mixer Square Bathroom Wash Basin Faucet. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Single Handle Single Hole Water Mixer Square Bathroom Wash Basin Faucet. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDDouble Torsion Hay Rake Red Spring Tine for Farming Machinery. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty ( CNC Milling Parts;42 Inch Outdoor Touch Screen Digtal Signage LCD Waterproof LCD Monitor), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Track Mounting Socket Dz47 -63 3pole 6A MCCB MCB Mini Circuit Breaker).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Swivel and Lift Gas Spring for Pub Chair/Hardware Components for Chairs/Hydraulic Damper for Doorspresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Double Flange Swing Check Valve/ Cast Iron Swing Check Valve.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Syc400 UV Curing Machine Tshirt Curing Machine UV Lamp UV Ink Drying Machine.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Single Handle Single Hole Water Mixer Square Bathroom Wash Basin Faucet | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Epoxy Resin Fiberglass Laminate Fr4/Epgc201 (Yellow Color). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Single Handle Single Hole Water Mixer Square Bathroom Wash Basin Faucet | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Epoxy Resin Fiberglass Laminate Fr4/Epgc201 (Yellow Color). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.6 Strand PP Combination Wire Rope for Fishing Tackle, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,R Series Flange Mounted Helical Cement Mixers Reduction Box, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Luzhong-804 80HP 4WD Wheeled Agriculture / Farm Tractor.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Lamination Wooden Colors for PVC Ceiling Panel and Wall Panel.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Synthetic Artificial Flocking Printed PU Leather for Sofa&Shoes). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (PP plating drum). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.50mm Diameter Q235 Carbon Square Steel Pipe for Structure-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Wholesale Multifunction Mini 12V Fridge Portable Freezer Cooler Car Fridge(Aluminum/Brass/Steel Parts Precision CNC Lathe Machine Machining for Central Machinery).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Tri Clamp Sanitary Pressure Sensor for Food Beverageshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%300mm Rotary China CNC Router Machine, 4th Axis CNC Router.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (100-500ton Sheet Metal Forming Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine with Ce;Round Shape Massage Finger Rehabilitation Trainer Massage Hand Grip). As shown inGood Quality 787*1092mm 210GSM Art Card for Invitation Card Production, the patty with 5%HPMC for White Cement Admixtures Putty Powder Additives, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Single Handle Single Hole Water Mixer Square Bathroom Wash Basin Faucet | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Epoxy Resin Fiberglass Laminate Fr4/Epgc201 (Yellow Color). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Hot New Products Electric Wheel Loader Dumping Dumper, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Sheet Metal Parts Processing Iron Aluminum Stainless Steel Hardware Parts to Figure Custom Bending, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Carrier 00PPG000011400 Central Air Conditioning Parts Oil Level Switch).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket).Air conditioning compressor starting capacitor explosion-proof oil immersion 18UFshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Single Handle Single Hole Water Mixer Square Bathroom Wash Basin Faucet | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Epoxy Resin Fiberglass Laminate Fr4/Epgc201 (Yellow Color). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).E-Generator LED 3 Water Spray Dental High Speed Handpiece/Turbine/Dental Equipmentstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%China Clamping-Clamping Pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Horizontal Actuator.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Single Handle Single Hole Water Mixer Square Bathroom Wash Basin Faucet, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
High Quality Injection Molding Machine Parts Plastic Forming Parts, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).10rt/35.16kw Capacity Water Cooled Industrial Beer Chiller. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (High Density Fire Retardant Foam Board 4X8 PVC Foam Sheet;Durable&Longlife Nylon Rope Climbing Rope for Outdoor) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Mercury Glass Silver Tea Light Holder Candle Votive Wedding Decoration(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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