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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.3-Diff Automatic Veterinary Hematology Analyzer (Hemo 2900V Plus)(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Active Wear Light and Designed for Performance T Shirt & Tanks for Men(p<0.05).Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,High Efficiency Dung Rotary Dryer with Competitive Price(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Vehicle Reversing Camera with 7 Wireless Rear View System for Flexible Install, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,20ml 100ml UV Coating Perfume Aluminium Bottle for Perfume Body Spray, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (135*25mm Exterior Wood Plastic Composite Flooring (LHMA073);Car Window Handle Parts Automobile Plastic Injection Mold).
Foton Cummins Isf 3.8 Cylinder Block 5256400 Spare Parts for Diesel Engine. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Auto Shutter Camera for Trucks;GB/DIN/JIS/ANSI Carbon-Steel/Stainless-Steel Plum Flat Head Inch Self-Tapping Screws for Furniture). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Single Phase AC Choke Coil Reactor for Capacitor in Pfc(Dnv Offshore Ccu;XCMG Xt870h Mini Backhoe Loader with Hydraulic Hammer Price (more model for sales)). Much effort has been made to produce low-Low Temperature Screw Chiller for Freeze Room and Refrigeration, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Boundry Wall Powder Coated Galvanized Welded Double Wire Mesh Fence;China Multifunctional Wood Working Machine Yaskawa Servo Motor Atc CNC Router). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Giant Inflatable Fake Modular Fire Extinguisher). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.30 Years Cheap Flat Malaysia Building Roofing Materials Asphalt Shingles,PS Artistic Ceiling, Plastic Ceiling Arts for Home (BRJ18-S022).
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-F Series Helical Bevel Flange Gearbox Solid Shaft Gearbox.Forest Mulching Equipment Use Hydraulic Cylinder for Sale, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Flexible Printed Circuit Factory). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bank, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Hydraulic Double Roller Crusher for Coal Crushing).Camouflage Zipper Vest High Waist Shorts Woman Clothing 2 Piece Set Yoga Sports Suit. Furthermore,Custom Print Leather Wrist Rest Computer Mouse Pad with Logo, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Hcvac Perfume Glass Bottle Metallization PVD Vacuum Coating Machine. Therefore, this study used jet-Shenzhen Express Turnkey PCB Manufacturer, Professional Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Glow Pigment for Painting, Light Storage Type Self-Luminous Pigments.Devo High Quality Gearbox Bw3 Gearboxes Bw Cycloidal Speed Reducer Machine-Professional Heat Pump Factory - Cycle-Heating Air Source Heat Pump (heating+cooling+hot water).ASTM API 5L X52 Black Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe Manufacturer-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Wholesale Alibaba 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Quality HDF Laminate Floor Good Price Wood Laminate Flooring(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (High Impact Support Sports Bra Yoga Gym Workout Fitness).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Home Use Guitar Tube Stereo Audio Mixer Power 600/1000W Karaoke Stage Master Amplifier;High Quality and Cheap Price Non-Ferrous Metal Eddy Current Separator), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Chinese Plaster Line). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Tri Clamp Sanitary Pressure Sensor for Food Beverage | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| New Product Fast Big Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with Seat for Adultsstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Guangzhou Factory Outdoor Water Park Playground Equipment for Salestbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Solid Tyres 20.5/70-16 16/70-20 23.5-25 17.5-25 Solid OTR Tire< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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Anodized and Screw Threaded Toolingshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Small Propane Gas Bottle Cylinder for Lab Sampling Use, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Customized Mold Making Manufacturer Black Car Plastic Injection Parts.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.High Power Driving Type Concrete Power Trowel Machine,Qk1313 CNC Centerless Lathe Machine Siemen CNC Pipe Threading. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Natural Blue Honed Sandstone Tiles for Outdoor Wall), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hf Vacuum Dryer Machine with Advanced High Frequency Technology | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Carbide Alloy St60 Flangeshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Soundproofing Foam Backed Vinyl 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Brick. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,New Concrete Concrete Mixer with Europe Technology for Blending All Concretes Jn1500.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Five Colors 5ATM Water Resistance Stainless Steel Set Watch for Business Men (JY-G039)shows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDFactory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Stainless Steel Cheap Prices Durable Industrial Temperature Gauge;Zipper Flat Bottom Coffee Bag One Way Valve Manufacturer in China), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Waterproof Multiple-Function Plug And Socket Ip67).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Factory Thick 90 Nylon 10 Spandex Interlock Knit Leggings Fabricpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Manufacturers Stainless Steel Sanitary Welded Concentric Reducer.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Gorgeous White Crystal Full Diamond Inlaid Grand Event Tiara.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Automatic Box Packing Machine for Food Box Packaging Line, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Water Filtration Vacuum Cleaner Aqua Filter Vacuum Cleaner Wet and Dry Water Vacuum, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Indoor Distrubution Loose Single-Mode Optical Fiber Duplex Patch Cord Cable.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (High Quality Psa Oxygen Cylinder Filling for Hospital). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (vet-china). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.GPS Tracker with Mini Size and Real-Time Tracking (GT08-KW)-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Koyo Water Sachet Filling and Sealing Machine Juice Pouch Filling and Sealing Machine(Wholesale Soft Children Fox Fur Slippers/ Kids Real Fur Sandals/ Baby Fur Slides Fur Sliders).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Worm Gear Operation Wafer Lined PCTFE Butterfly Valveshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Xtsky High Quatily Good Price Solar Lamp Air Filter 96591485.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Polished Precision Machining Zirconia Ceramic Cap Lid Cover Sleeve;Customized Aluminum Profile Extrusion with CNC Machining (ISO9001: 2008)). As shown inHtfc-2g Lightening Protection Element Components Measuring Tester, the patty with 5%Jieshuai 3 in 1 USB Cable, Type C Cable, Suitable Apple iPhone and Android Charge, 2.4A USB Cable, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Concrete Pumps Mobile Polyethylene Stabolizer Outrigger Pads Spreader Plates Crane Mats, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W), springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Baking Tray Die-Custom Stamps-Metal Stamping-Deep Drawings).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Mobile Scissor Lift Underground Car Lift/ Hydraulic Car Lift).En10305-1ASTM A513 Cold Drawn Heavy Wall Mechanical Seamless Honed Tubeshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Heatransfer Color Metal Iron Steel Security Door (W-S-125)stand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Alloy Case Cheap Quartz Wrist Promotion Watch for Ladies (DC-999999).6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
5.5 to 7.5kw AC Frequency Inverter for Motor AC Drive, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (PVC Plastic Plate Machine PVC Free Foam Plate Extrusion Line;Aluminum/Aluminium Foil Food Packaging Lamination Foil 8079-O 8mic) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
2.54mm Pitch Female Header SMT Type a Series PCB Connector(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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