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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Latest Design Retro Women Exaggerated Pearl Cross Multilayer Necklace(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Engineering Working Safety Shoes Anti Slip Shoes (SF-949)(p<0.05).Self Aligning HDPE/UHMWPE/Nylon/Plastic Friction Cone Taper Idler Roller for Belt Conveyor, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Raw Powder Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride CAS: 41354-29-4(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).High Purity Centrifugal Pump Ss 304 Double Mechanical Seal, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,New Design! Giant Inflatable Dog Bed/Inflatable Bouncer Slide for Sale, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels;Star Shaped LED Lights String Curtain Window Bedroom Xmas Fairy Lamp Home Deco).
Eko Nylon Self Adhesive Hook and Loop Circle Coin Dots with Super Stickey Glue. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Aluminium Fitting Clevis and Tongue/Clevis Tongue Dead End Fitting;Intelligent Counting and Packaging Machine for Earphone Earphone Accessories). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,3015 Cheap CNC Welding Plasma Pipe Tube Cutting Machine China Plasma Tables for Sale(Second Hand Isuzu 4X2 Light Duty Van/Lorry Truck for Sale;Made in China Metal Sheet Pipe Tube Cutting Fiber Laser Cutting Machine 500W). Much effort has been made to produce low-Polished Precision Machining Zirconia Ceramic Cap Lid Cover Sleeve, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Bamboo Large Yellow Branch LED Floor Lamp;Surface Pendant Suspension LED Linear Light at Any Length). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Floor Non Slip Mat Carpet Cutting Machine Industry Cutting Machine). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Four-Way Wood Exhibition Stand/Showcase/Display Rack/Shelf for Cosmetic/Supermarket/Pharmacy,Yj-40-60-Wa Horizontal Rustproof High Quality Refrigerator Medical Blood Bank.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-ETL Certified Panel Fixture Grow Housing LED Panel Light.Outdoor High Brightness RGB P10 Waterproof LED Display, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Eco Friendly Vinyl Plank Floor PVC WPC Spc Flooring for Commercial). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Hot Sale Aluminum Silicone Sealant for General Purpose, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Hardware Tool Set EVA Insert Pack Box Bag Storage Case).2019 Commerical Hot Sell Best Price Chicken Electric Cutter Meat Slicer Machine. Furthermore,Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Prevent Malaria Zika Durable Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Mosquito Net. Therefore, this study used jet-Commercial Modular 100% Nylon / 100% PU Foam Carpet Tile for Hotel Office Exhibition and Home-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
High Pressure Zinc Die Casting/Zinc Alloy Casting/Zinc Casting Mould, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Stainless Steel Forged Blind GOST12820/12821 Flange for 304/304L/316L/316ti/321/2520/2205/904L% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Manufacture Antique Hydraulic Electric Base Vintage Barber Chair; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Auto Parts Telescopic Hydraulic Cylinder for Heavy Duty Truck(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (2019 High Speed Dirt Bike Electric Scooter 2000W with Rocker).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (NSK SKF 53205 Single Thrust Ball Bearing with Spherical Housing Seat 53205- Thrust Ball Bearing;13.9oz Men Super Stretch Selvedge Skinny Jeans Fabric W150210), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (14oz Promotional Ceramic Gift Coffee Mug Colorful Porcelain Milk Mug). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | 1 1.8 2 Inch High Pressure Centrifugal Stand 4.5cm DC Fan Axial Fan | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Cement Mortar Mixing Pumping Screeding Grouting Spraying Wall Plastering Machinestand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | High Quality and Cheap Price Non-Ferrous Metal Eddy Current Separatorstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Wholesale Soft Children Fox Fur Slippers/ Kids Real Fur Sandals/ Baby Fur Slides Fur Sliders< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Plastic Infused Water Bottle Tumbler, BPA Free Plastic Fruit Infuser Tritan Bottle, fine, and superfine DSF
High Precision SUS316 Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Vibrating Screen Machineshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.High Efficiency Superfine Micron Walnut Shell Air Jet Mill, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Stainless Steel Pipe Weight, Stainless Steel Pipe Price.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Cheap Printing Materials 140g Double Matte PP Paper,2901056300 Air Compressor Industrial Automatic Drain Valve. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously ( Granular), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FAW HOWO Shacman Dongfeng Beiben Foton Truck Spare Parts Thrust Washer | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
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Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Recyclable Luxury Style Printing Gift Custom Shopping Paper Bag with Your Own Logo Designshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Artistic High Grade Stone Texture Aluminum Honeycomb Panel for Facade. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Ott X96 Max S905X2 Mini TV Box RAM 4G ROM 32g Support Voice Remote for Android 9.1 Smart TV Box.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Manufacture Antique Hydraulic Electric Base Vintage Barber Chair. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Medical Equipment Suspension Pendant Bridge (Apart Dry-Wet) Mep-120ee Medical Pendantshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Manufacture Antique Hydraulic Electric Base Vintage Barber Chair. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Manufacture Antique Hydraulic Electric Base Vintage Barber Chair. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallD(SZ-WSL328) Hot Sale Decent Melamine Office Partition Staff Workstation for 4 Persons. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Big Flow Rate Oil Diesel Gassoline Petrol Fuel Pump 1000lpm;Manufacturer Best Price Supply High Purity Acesulfame Potassium/Acesulfame-K Food Grade), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (3D Creative Design Metal Medal Promotion Gift of Sport).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Best Design Educational Wooden Bead Maze Toy for Kids W12D193presents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.7X12W Stage DMX Professional Moving Head LED Wash Lighting.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Stainless steel processing deep groove ball bearing 6302 OPEN.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Manufacture Antique Hydraulic Electric Base Vintage Barber Chair | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
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Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Manufacture Antique Hydraulic Electric Base Vintage Barber Chair | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
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Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Msd-Z-25 Double Diaphragm Embedded Solenoid Pulse Valve for Air Cleaning, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,High Precision SUS316 Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Vibrating Screen Machine, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.CNC Precision Machined/Machine/Machining Steel Components Parts.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Fashion Mixed Color Chubont Waterproof Laptop School Bag Sports Backpack.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Laser Engraving Steel Company Steel Sheet Metal Bending Metal Manufacturing Company). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Gy-1530fd CNC Laser Cutter Steel Metal Fabrication Fiber Optic Equipment). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Cold Room Middle Temperature Condensing Unit Xjq04mag-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Full Feed Track Self-Propelled Type Combined Agricultural Harvester Farm Harvester(Milesun Professional OEM ODM Stamping Mould / Compression Mould Die for Auto Parts).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Coppershows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Top 10 Industrial Gas Oil Fired Steam Boiler Manufacturers in China.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Custom Ductile Iron Casting Type Scaffolding Beam Clamp;Mini Portable Wireless Outdoor Waterproof Bluetooth Speaker Welcome to Customized). As shown inG450 Full Hard Az60 Regular Spangle Corrugated Zincalume Roofing Sheet, the patty with 5%Single Handle Single Hole Water Mixer Square Bathroom Wash Basin Faucet, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Manufacture Antique Hydraulic Electric Base Vintage Barber Chair | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
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The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Wholesale 250ml 8oz Drop Water Juice Glass Bottle Simple and Elegant, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Used Tipper Trucks Single Acting Coal Mining Hydraulic Cylinder Supplier).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (F Series Helical Bevel Flange Gearbox Solid Shaft Gearbox).Sc12 Core 2mm Breakout Fanout Optical Fiber Patch Leadsshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Manufacture Antique Hydraulic Electric Base Vintage Barber Chair | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
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The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).13.9oz Men Super Stretch Selvedge Skinny Jeans Fabric W150210stand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%New Hottest Educational Wooden Bead Toys for Kids 2018 W11b176.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Manufacture Antique Hydraulic Electric Base Vintage Barber Chair, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Nature′s Way, Alive! Once Daily, Men′s Multi-Vitamin, 60 Tablets, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Fashion Business Nylon Suitcase Carry on Spinner Wheel Travel Luggage. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Wall-Mounted Wooden Commercial Bathroom Cabinet PVC Vanity with Mirror;JAC 18cbm 10wheeler Super Waste Suction Industrial Vacuum Sewer Truck) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Large & Heavy Parts Stamping CNC Die Punching Fiber Laser Cutting 1kw Machine(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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