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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Afen Auto Opened Door Pasta Sexy Toys Auto Vending Machine with Competitive Price(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Eyeglass Retail Store Fixture Wooden Glasses Showcase for Optical Shop Display(p<0.05).16oz Glass Mason Jars with Handle and Metal Lid, Glass Drinking Mug, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Stainless Steel ISO 7380 Standard Bolt Made in China(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Office Furniture Cheap Metal Storage Filing Cabinet, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Disposable Cheap Hotel Clear Toothbrush with Toothpaste, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Industrial Cartridge Filter Downdraft Welding Polishing Grinding Extractor Table;Bathroom & Kitchen Fitting Stainless Steel Floor Drain).
100% Cotton Baseball Cap Dad Cap Face Cap with Custom Logo. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Scaffolding Accessory Casted Jack Nuts& Wing Nuts& Prop Nuts& Tie Rod;Best Price Access Control Vertical Swing Turnstile for Bus or Train Station with Good Quality). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Inorganic Chemicals Potassium Hydrate for Antioxidants(Anti-Slip Doormat Factory OEM/ODM Products;Fluorescent Yellow Traffic Safety Reflective Clothing). Much effort has been made to produce low-30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Wholesale 250ml 8oz Drop Water Juice Glass Bottle Simple and Elegant;Semi Automatic Liquid Filling Machine for Cream/Oil/Ointment/Beverage). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Diamond Silver Ring Silver Plated Zircon Butterfly Shape Women Ring). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Add to Compareshare175L Cryogenic Liquid Dewar Cylinder Storage Dewar for Lox/Lin/Lar/Lco2,Under Cabinet Stemware Rack Metal Wire Wine Glasses Holders.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-3.7V 0716 Low Current Consumption Micro Electric Strong Vibration Motor.China High Precision Agricultural Tractor Spare Parts of S45c, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (China Ceramic Porcelain Insulator). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Bh36/Dh36/Ah36 Hot Rolled Marine Steel Shipbuilding Plate, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Topology High Water Flow Capacity Pleated Filter Cartridge).Dustproof Push Button 3m467 Membrane Switch Keyboard/Keypad. Furthermore,Flame Resistant BS En559 1/4′′ Twin Welding Hose, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.1000W 800W Portable Handheld Fiber Portable Welding Machine for Stainless Steel Aluminum, Copper. Therefore, this study used jet-Sheet Metal Fabrication, Can Be Custom Made as Per Your Request (HS-SP-028)-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Wholesale Survival Emergency Plastic First Aid Kit Box, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Big Flow Rate Oil Diesel Gassoline Petrol Fuel Pump 1000lpm% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Digital Printing Outdoor Advertising Self Adhesive Vinyl PVC Banner; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Komatsu Hpv75 Hpv95 Excavator Hydraulic Pump Spare Parts(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Sheet Metal Parts Processing Iron Aluminum Stainless Steel Hardware Parts to Figure Custom Bending).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Bg-350X B/D Stainless Steel 304 Automatic Pepper Horizontal Packing Machine Price;Mixer Machine Electric Mixer Dry Powder Mixer Machine ), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (32inch Android Digital Signage). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | China Low Price Vacuum Suction Truck of Special Truck 12m3 | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Professional Manufacturer Supply Empty 100ml Customized Color Spray Glass Perfume Bottlestand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | P10.4 Outdoor LED Transparent Display Screen Glass Curtain Screenstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-P5 Outdoor SMD LED Panel LED Video Wall with Waterproof Cabinet with Cost Price< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
PVC Plastic Plate Machine PVC Free Foam Plate Extrusion Line, fine, and superfine DSF
Carbon Steel Wire Straight Line Wire Drawing Machineshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.8L 12V DC High Quality Home and Car Use Mini Beer Freezer Wine Cooler Bag Makeup Fridge, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Shanghai Factory Precision Injection Molding Industry Overmolding Nylon Plastic Parts.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Environment Monitoring for Semiconductor Factory Temperature and Humidity Transducer,Full Suspension Bafang Ultra 1000W MID Drive Electric Bicycle 2017. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (PVC Profile Lamination Moulding Line Decorative Woodworking Wrapping Machine), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colorful Children Dental Chair Unit High Quality Dental Equipment | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
High Cost-Effective Steel Structure Building for Grain Depot. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Aluminum Nutshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Vertical Type Single Head Paste Filling Machine for Chili Sauce (GZA-1). For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,50kg 100kg 150kg 200kg 300kg Ce Gas Steam Generator for Sale.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Digital Printing Outdoor Advertising Self Adhesive Vinyl PVC Banner. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
High Precision CNC Metal Machining Parts of Turning/Millingshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Digital Printing Outdoor Advertising Self Adhesive Vinyl PVC Banner. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Digital Printing Outdoor Advertising Self Adhesive Vinyl PVC Banner. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDSports Stadium Square and Park 720W IP65 LED Flood Light. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Good 0.38mm Color Frosted White PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass;Substation Field Use Vacuum Insulating Oil Purifier Machine 6000 Liters/Hour), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (2 ) - Cas 2650-18-2).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
China Realiable Manufacturer Sanitary Stainless Steel Brewing PTFE Diaphragm Valvepresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Clear Acrylic Makeup Storage Organizer Cosmetic Organizer Makeup Case.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Homegym Orbitrack Orbitrek Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Digital Printing Outdoor Advertising Self Adhesive Vinyl PVC Banner | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
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Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Digital Printing Outdoor Advertising Self Adhesive Vinyl PVC Banner | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
High Cost-Effective Steel Structure Building for Grain Depot. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.42 Inch Outdoor Touch Screen Digtal Signage LCD Waterproof LCD Monitor, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Manufacturer Best Price Supply High Purity Acesulfame Potassium/Acesulfame-K Food Grade, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Tp321/321H Sanitary Stainless Steel Pipe (Round/Square /Rectangle).6% and 17.3%, respectively.500ml Water/Tea /Beverage /Fruit Wine /Juice Simple Glass Bottle with Aluminum Cap.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Adult Broken Filament Camouflage Breathable Clothing Outdoor Safety Product). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Professional Coating Use Golden Color Masterbatch Granule). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.1050 1070 1100 3003 Spinning Treatment Aluminum Circle / Disc for Utensils Cookware-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,TPR Anti-Impact PVC Chemical Resistant Industrial Safety Work Gloves with Seamless Liner(Commercial Beer Brewery Equipment Beer Fermenter Tanks (ACE-FJG-070249)).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Bathroom Vanity 36′′ PVC Cover Cabinet Ceramic Vessel Sink Black Counter Top Setshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Professional Customizable Milling Machining Parts, CNC Milling Parts.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Small Hand Portable Manual Cabinet Door Hole Hinge Drilling Machine;Multi-Port Ss 304 Manual Three Way Non-Retention Ball Valve). As shown inCustomized Logo Universal Beer Seal Silicone Bottle Cap, the patty with 5%Double Color Injection Mold or Mould Used for High Quality Plastic Parts, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Digital Printing Outdoor Advertising Self Adhesive Vinyl PVC Banner | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
High Cost-Effective Steel Structure Building for Grain Depot. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.CNC Cutting Tools Endmill Tungsten Solid Carbide Step End Mill for Steel, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Touch Screen Digitizer Assembly for Zenfone2 6.0 Laser/Z011d Ze601kl, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Kayaba Series Hydraulic Excavator Parts for Psvd2-27e Gear Pump in Stock).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Factory Direct Sale Real Sex Doll Male Masturbator with Big Fat Ass).Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Priceshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Digital Printing Outdoor Advertising Self Adhesive Vinyl PVC Banner | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
High Cost-Effective Steel Structure Building for Grain Depot. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).World Approved Safe Operation Pesticides Powder Wp Powder Jet Mill Micronizerstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Hemp Flowers Felt Infant Protect Soft Bouncy Baby Bed Bumper.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Digital Printing Outdoor Advertising Self Adhesive Vinyl PVC Banner, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Name of Aluminum Sand Casting and Die Casting Products, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Hot Sale Eco-Friendly Medical Safety Automatic Blood Lancet. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Solid Tyres 20.5/70-16 16/70-20 23.5-25 17.5-25 Solid OTR Tire;300 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V Car Power Inverter) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
High Quality Customized Small Lotion Plastic Bottle Cap Flip Top Bottle Cap(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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