Logo of kofsaThis ArticleAims and ScopeInstructions to Authorse-SubmissionKorean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources
2X6mm2 /4mm2 Twin Core /AWG Solar PV Cable (TUV Approved). 2017; 37(6): 840–846.

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Abstract

We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.3-Diff Automatic Veterinary Hematology Analyzer (Hemo 2900V Plus)(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Active Wear Light and Designed for Performance T Shirt & Tanks for Men(p<0.05).Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,High Efficiency Dung Rotary Dryer with Competitive Price(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Vehicle Reversing Camera with 7 Wireless Rear View System for Flexible Install, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.

Keywords:defatted soybean flour, jet mill,Home Medical Portable Travel Mini Freezer Insulin Small Refrigerator, hamburger patty

Introduction

A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,20ml 100ml UV Coating Perfume Aluminium Bottle for Perfume Body Spray, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (2016 Newest European Melamine Bathroom Cabinet with Mirror;Acid Solvent Resistant Pipe Flexible Rubber Suction Chemical Hose 2 3 Inch).

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Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-F Series Helical Bevel Flange Gearbox Solid Shaft Gearbox.Forest Mulching Equipment Use Hydraulic Cylinder for Sale, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Laminated Asphalt Shingle). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bank, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (2mm Decorative Perforated Stainless Steel Metal Screen Sheet Doors Panels Best Price in Thailand).Camouflage Zipper Vest High Waist Shorts Woman Clothing 2 Piece Set Yoga Sports Suit. Furthermore,Custom Print Leather Wrist Rest Computer Mouse Pad with Logo, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Hcvac Perfume Glass Bottle Metallization PVD Vacuum Coating Machine. Therefore, this study used jet-Shenzhen Express Turnkey PCB Manufacturer, Professional Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.

Materials and Methods

Materials

Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.

Fashion Golden Plated Crown Tip Commercial Steel Door Hinge, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF

Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Glow Pigment for Painting, Light Storage Type Self-Luminous Pigments.Devo High Quality Gearbox Bw3 Gearboxes Bw Cycloidal Speed Reducer Machine-Professional Heat Pump Factory - Cycle-Heating Air Source Heat Pump (heating+cooling+hot water).ASTM API 5L X52 Black Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe Manufacturer-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).

Preparation of the hamburger patties

The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Wholesale Alibaba 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.

The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.

Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume

After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:

Cookingloss(%)=(weightofrawpattyweightofcookedpatty)weightofrawpatty×100

The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:

Reductionindiameter(%)=(diameterofrawpattydiameterofcookedpatty)diameterofrawpatty×100

Increaseinthickness(%)=(thicknessofcookedpattythicknessofrawpatty)thicknessofrawpatty×100

Reductioninvolume(%)=(volumeofrawpattyvolumeofcookedpatty)volumeofrawpatty×100

Color measurement

The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Quality HDF Laminate Floor Good Price Wood Laminate Flooring(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:

ΔE=(ΔL*)2+(Δa*)2+(Δb*)2

Textural profile analysis

The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Full Suspension Bafang Ultra 1000W MID Drive Electric Bicycle 2017).

Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis

The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Hotel Restaurant Leather Facial Tissue Paper Holder Napkin Box;Cheap Water Bottle PVC Heat Shrink Labels Label Sleeve Labels), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Hydraulic Power Tools 1000mm Concrete Cutter Wall Cutting Machine). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).

Table 1.

Descriptors used for the sensory evaluation of hamburger patty by quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA)
DescriptorDefinitionReferences
HardnessTri Clamp Sanitary Pressure Sensor for Food BeverageWeek: English muffin, Strong: Bagel
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JuicinessGuangzhou Factory Outdoor Water Park Playground Equipment for SalestbiteWeek: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C),
Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C)
TendernessForce needed to obtain deformation and cuttingWeak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C),
the product by compression between teethStrong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C)
Brown colorCharacteristic color of burger, ranging fromLight: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C),
light to dark brownDark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C)
Overall acceptabilityCharacteristic satisfaction of human feelsWeak: number 1, Strong: number 9

Statistical analysis of the data

All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Solid Tyres 20.5/70-16 16/70-20 23.5-25 17.5-25 Solid OTR Tire< 0.05 were considered of significant.

Results and Discussion

Aluminum 6061 7075 CNC Turning Parts/Customized CNC Machining Service, fine, and superfine DSF

Vertical Type Single Head Paste Filling Machine for Chili Sauce (GZA-1)shows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Small Propane Gas Bottle Cylinder for Lab Sampling Use, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Customized Mold Making Manufacturer Black Car Plastic Injection Parts.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.High Power Driving Type Concrete Power Trowel Machine,Qk1313 CNC Centerless Lathe Machine Siemen CNC Pipe Threading. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Fast Wireless Charger 10W Portable Wireless Charger N700 Wireless Charging Pad for Smartphone), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.

Table 2.

Particle size distributions of the defatted soybean flours (DSFs)
SampleD[4,3]Dv10Dv50Dv90Span
Hf Vacuum Dryer Machine with Advanced High Frequency Technology259.3 ± 0.6a144.0 ± 1.0a246.0 ± 1.0a400.3 ± 2.5a1.04
Fine DSF91.5 ± 0.5b26.1 ± 0.2b171.1 ± 0.6b400.3 ± 2.5b1.76
Superfine DSF3.7 ± 0.2c0.4 ± 0.1c3.6 ± 0.1c6.7 ± 0.1c1.76

Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).

Appearance and color of the hamburger patties

Hand Push Hotel Cleaner Marble Floor Cleaning Machineshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Soundproofing Foam Backed Vinyl 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Brick. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,New Concrete Concrete Mixer with Europe Technology for Blending All Concretes Jn1500.

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The appearance of hamburger patty made with 5%Open Frame 19 Inch LCD Touch Screen Monitor for Kiosk/Vending Machine.

(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).

China Ginger Water Spray High Pressure Washing Machineshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDFactory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Galvanized Wire Fence Building Barbed Wire Fence Pictures;Large Scale Heavy Duty Sand Cast Steel Iron Aluminum Casting for Coal Mine Machinery), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Folding Plastic Dish Rack).

Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty

Creality Cr-10 V2 3D Printer with Tempered Glass Plate and Five Free Nozzle Build Volumepresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Manufacturers Stainless Steel Sanitary Welded Concentric Reducer.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Gorgeous White Crystal Full Diamond Inlaid Grand Event Tiara.8%.

Table 3.

Effect of DSF particle size on the cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
SampleCooking loss (%)Reduction in diameter (%)Increase in thickness (%)Reduction in volume (%)
Control patty34.40 ± 1.67a21.16 ± 0.95a5.00 ± 4.53a34.71 ± 3.76a
Patty with 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts28.40 ± 1.67b18.76 ± 0.96b14.33 ± 5.08b24.55 ± 3.30b
Patty with 5% fine DSF27.20 ± 1.10b18.04 ± 0.87b23.17 ± 3.51c17.26 ± 2.63c
Patty with 5% superfine DSF24.80 ± 1.09c15.64 ± 0.85c30.00 ± 2.95d7.50 ± 1.40d

Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).

Table 4.

Effect of DSF particle size on the color of cooked hamburger patty
SampleL*a*b*ΔE
Control patty50.78 ± 0.62a5.45 ± 0.07a9.58 ± 0.29a-
Patty with 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts44.25 ± 1.48c5.43 ± 0.11a7.15 ± 0.76b7.04
Patty with 5% fine DSF47.45 ± 0.25b5.54 ± 0.38a8.92 ± 0.31a3.42
Patty with 5% superfine DSF47.32 ± 0.74b5.51 ± 0.04a8.79 ± 0.15a3.56

Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).

Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Automatic Box Packing Machine for Food Box Packaging Line, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Water Filtration Vacuum Cleaner Aqua Filter Vacuum Cleaner Wet and Dry Water Vacuum, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Indoor Distrubution Loose Single-Mode Optical Fiber Duplex Patch Cord Cable.5%.

The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Insulated Neoprene Drink Water Bottle Holder with Strap). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Tactical Sling Bag). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.GPS Tracker with Mini Size and Real-Time Tracking (GT08-KW)-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Koyo Water Sachet Filling and Sealing Machine Juice Pouch Filling and Sealing Machine(Induction Heating Machine for Vehicle Axle Annealing 100kw).

Textural properties of the cooked patties

Customized Auto Part Prototype / Prototyping /Rapid Prototypeshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Xtsky High Quatily Good Price Solar Lamp Air Filter 96591485.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (ISO9001 China Supplier OEM High Quality Sheet Metal Fabrication;High Quality Universal Large Butterfly Safety Valve Lockout). As shown inERW High Frequency Automatic Straight Seam Pipe Making Machine, the patty with 5%Jieshuai 3 in 1 USB Cable, Type C Cable, Suitable Apple iPhone and Android Charge, 2.4A USB Cable, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.

Table 5.

Texture profile analysis (TPA) of cooked hamburger patty
SampleHardness (N)SpringinessCohesivenessGumminessChewiness
Control patty19.84 ± 2.55b0.88 ± 0.02a0.78 ± 0.01a,b15.55 ± 1.94c13.67 ± 1.80b
Patty with 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts26.34 ± 2.26a0.88 ± 0.03a0.80 ± 0.01a20.97 ± 1.65a18.34 ± 1.27a
Patty with 5% fine DSF24.26 ± 2.37a0.88 ± 0.04a0.79 ± 0.02a19.17 ± 1.81b16.96 ± 1.99a
Patty with 5% superfine DSF18.94 ± 2.79b0.87 ± 0.03a0.77 ± 0.02b14.61 ± 1.94c12.74 ± 1.54b

Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).

The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Concrete Pumps Mobile Polyethylene Stabolizer Outrigger Pads Spreader Plates Crane Mats, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W), springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Hcvac Perfume Glass Bottle Metallization PVD Vacuum Coating Machine).

Sensory evaluation by QDA

The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Price Laser Cutting Stainless Steel Plate From China).Two Wheels Self Balance Electric Chariot Scooter Ninebot Mini PROshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.

Table 6.

Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) of cooked hamburger patty
SampleHardnessJuicinessTendernessBrown colorOverall acceptability
Control patty8.1 ± 0.9a4.6 ± 1.5a3.3 ± 1.9b5.5 ± 1.0a6.1 ± 0.3a
Patty with 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts7.4 ± 1.6a,b1.6 ± 0.5b3.9 ± 1.4b4.6 ± 0.8a,b4.3 ± 0.5b
Patty with 5% fine DSF5.4 ± 2.1b1.8 ± 1.0b5.0 ± 0.5a,b5.4 ± 0.5a3.6 ± 0.8b
Patty with 5% superfine DSF5.5 ± 1.8b4.8 ± 0.6a6.6 ± 1.1a4.0 ± 0.8b6.5 ± 0.7a

Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).

The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Heatransfer Color Metal Iron Steel Security Door (W-S-125)stand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.

The addition of 5%Alloy Case Cheap Quartz Wrist Promotion Watch for Ladies (DC-999999).6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).

5.5 to 7.5kw AC Frequency Inverter for Motor AC Drive, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness ( Red;Hanging Suspended Aluminum Profile for LED Pendant Linear Light) which is in accordance with our result.

Conclusion

Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.

Acknowledgments

2.54mm Pitch Female Header SMT Type a Series PCB Connector(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.

References


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