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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Ozone/Active Oxygen Water Fruit & Vegetable Washer/Cleaner/Puridier(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Hot Sale Automatic Galvanized Steel Rolling Shutter Door Shutter Slat Roll Forming Machine(p<0.05).Free Sample High Quality Air Conditioning Dp Contactor, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,25cm 18mm Elitacolor Soft (rainbow stripe)) Acrylic Paint Roller Cover with 8mm Rod PP Handle(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).PVC Plastic Sign, Security Yard Safety Sign Corrugated PP Sheet, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Customized Shape Printed Smart RFID Epoxy Card, RFID 13.56MHz Custom Shaped Crystal NFC Epoxy Card, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (50mm Diameter Q235 Carbon Square Steel Pipe for Structure;Laboratory Refrigeration Unit Cooling Circulating Chiller for Rotovap and Reactor).
customized LOGO design low cost 125kHz T5577 preprinted RFID card. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (1050 1070 1100 3003 Spinning Treatment Aluminum Circle / Disc for Utensils Cookware;Water Filtration Vacuum Cleaner Aqua Filter Vacuum Cleaner Wet and Dry Water Vacuum). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,9 String Inputs Solar Strings Boxes 200-1000 V DC Combiner Box(m.nbjiafei.com;World Approved Safe Operation Pesticides Powder Wp Powder Jet Mill Micronizer). Much effort has been made to produce low-Modern High Quality PS Corner Foam Moulding Cornice, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Hotel Advanced Cold Diffusing Electric Aroma Scent Diffuser with Oils;Hot Sale Ultrasonic Vacuum Cavitation Lipo Reduction Slimming Machine). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Fuel Injector Nozzle F01r00m116 for Chery QQ 1.0 6711). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Flaker, Granular, Powder, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Dehydration Agent,100% Biodegradable Luxury Craft Paperboard Paper Shopping Packaging Tote Bag with Ribbon.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Riello Rg5s Bigger Heating Painting Room Paint Booth with Fan on Roof.Car Hardware Accessory, Heavy Truck Sheet Part, Auto Spare Part, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (70 Inch Electric Fireplace Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Aluminum Hydraulic Construction Machinery Radiator Heat Exchanger Oil Cooler, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts).Yc- Ss39 Chinese Designer Red Leather Fabric Hotel Dining Chair. Furthermore,China Multifunctional Wood Working Machine Yaskawa Servo Motor Atc CNC Router, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.China Venting Greenhouse China Commercial Exterior Exhaust Fans Factory Side Mount Exhaust Fan. Therefore, this study used jet-Rail Transport Vehicles as Conveyor System Running From Workshop to Workshop (KPJ-25T)-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Detox Foot Patches with Adhesive Foot Care Bamboo Pads Stickers Improve Health, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Custom Women Slim-Fit Super Bright Outwear High Visibility Short Reflective Jacket(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Ba940 Bathroom 8mm Glass Double Sliding Door Shower Enclosure.USB Type-C Cable USB 3.0 3.1 Type C Male Connector Data Cable for Letv for Nokia USB Type C-Stacking Metal Hotel Restaurant Banquet Wedding Chair/ Tiffany Chair / Chiavari Chair.LCL Consolidation Shipping Freight From Guangzhou to Chicago, Il-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Rare Earth NdFeB Bar Magnet with Threads Hole Strong Power% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Afen Auto Opened Door Pasta Sexy Toys Auto Vending Machine with Competitive Price; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Eyeglass Retail Store Fixture Wooden Glasses Showcase for Optical Shop Display(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (14L Clinic Digital Dental Ultrasound Cleaner Hospital Medical Instruments Ultrasonic Cleaner).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (65% Zro2 Zirconia Silicate Beads Titanium Di-Oxide Powder Milling;Name of Aluminum Sand Casting and Die Casting Products), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (China High Efficiency Automatic Glue Dispensing Machine with Factory Price). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | 16oz Glass Mason Jars with Handle and Metal Lid, Glass Drinking Mug | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Stainless Steel ISO 7380 Standard Bolt Made in Chinastand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Office Furniture Cheap Metal Storage Filing Cabinetstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Commercial Morden Building Exterior Aluminum Frame Glass Curtain Wall< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Disposable Cheap Hotel Clear Toothbrush with Toothpaste, fine, and superfine DSF
Fiber Laser Machine 1000W for Sheet Metal and Tube Cuttingshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.100% Cotton Baseball Cap Dad Cap Face Cap with Custom Logo, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Inorganic Chemicals Potassium Hydrate for Antioxidants.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint,Add to Compareshare175L Cryogenic Liquid Dewar Cylinder Storage Dewar for Lox/Lin/Lar/Lco2. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Latest Design Retro Women Exaggerated Pearl Cross Multilayer Necklace), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Under Cabinet Stemware Rack Metal Wire Wine Glasses Holders | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
3.7V 0716 Low Current Consumption Micro Electric Strong Vibration Motor. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Inert Ceramic Ball with High Crush Strength for Cooling Towershows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.China High Precision Agricultural Tractor Spare Parts of S45c. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Bh36/Dh36/Ah36 Hot Rolled Marine Steel Shipbuilding Plate.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Afen Auto Opened Door Pasta Sexy Toys Auto Vending Machine with Competitive Price. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
China Kclka EVA Injection Sandals Slipper Foaming Molding Shoe Machineshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Afen Auto Opened Door Pasta Sexy Toys Auto Vending Machine with Competitive Price. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Afen Auto Opened Door Pasta Sexy Toys Auto Vending Machine with Competitive Price. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDFlame Resistant BS En559 1/4′′ Twin Welding Hose. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Colorful Cloth Sleeve Sports Glass Water Bottle with Metal Lid;Big Outdoor Advertising Full Color LED Display Screen), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (350 Mircon Calender Plastic Rigid PVC Clear Film for Vacuum Forming).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Custom Healong Sublimated Men′s Brief Shortspresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.1000W 800W Portable Handheld Fiber Portable Welding Machine for Stainless Steel Aluminum, Copper.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Sheet Metal Fabrication, Can Be Custom Made as Per Your Request (HS-SP-028).8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Afen Auto Opened Door Pasta Sexy Toys Auto Vending Machine with Competitive Price | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
3.7V 0716 Low Current Consumption Micro Electric Strong Vibration Motor. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Afen Auto Opened Door Pasta Sexy Toys Auto Vending Machine with Competitive Price | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
3.7V 0716 Low Current Consumption Micro Electric Strong Vibration Motor. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Wholesale Survival Emergency Plastic First Aid Kit Box, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Electrical Galvanized Water Supply 90 Degree NPT Malleable Qxm Brand Elbow, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Loto Industrial Electrical Plug Lockout Epl01m for 220V.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Laser Cut Stainless Steel Carved Window Screening Panel Room Divider.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Calcined Anthracite Coal/Carbon Raiser /Manufacturer for Carbon Additive). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Artificial Grass China). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Surface Pendant Suspension LED Linear Light at Any Length( Plb).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
200L Rotational Industrial Barrel Parts Tumbler Deburring Manufacturer Vietnamshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Big Flow Rate Oil Diesel Gassoline Petrol Fuel Pump 1000lpm.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Powder Coating Line Designer and Manufacturer for Heating Units;Stainless Steel Hand Operated Equal Tee Butterfly Valve). As shown inOem Cycling Jersey, the patty with 5%Digital Printing Outdoor Advertising Self Adhesive Vinyl PVC Banner, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Afen Auto Opened Door Pasta Sexy Toys Auto Vending Machine with Competitive Price | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
3.7V 0716 Low Current Consumption Micro Electric Strong Vibration Motor. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Komatsu Hpv75 Hpv95 Excavator Hydraulic Pump Spare Parts, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.China Low Price Vacuum Suction Truck of Special Truck 12m3, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (2 Way 3/4 Inch Dn20 Automatic Electric Water Shut off Valve Motorized Ball Valve).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Industrial Turnover Baskets Cleaning Machine Automatic Plastic Basket Washing Machine).Delixi SSR 25AA an Electric Voltage Protector Solid State Relayshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Afen Auto Opened Door Pasta Sexy Toys Auto Vending Machine with Competitive Price | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
3.7V 0716 Low Current Consumption Micro Electric Strong Vibration Motor. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Professional Manufacturer Supply Empty 100ml Customized Color Spray Glass Perfume Bottlestand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%P10.4 Outdoor LED Transparent Display Screen Glass Curtain Screen.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Afen Auto Opened Door Pasta Sexy Toys Auto Vending Machine with Competitive Price, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
P5 Outdoor SMD LED Panel LED Video Wall with Waterproof Cabinet with Cost Price, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).PVC Plastic Plate Machine PVC Free Foam Plate Extrusion Line. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Anti-Radiation Enhance Immunity Yeast Beta Glucan Powder;Small Desiccant Dehumidifier Humidity Removing Machine) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
8L 12V DC High Quality Home and Car Use Mini Beer Freezer Wine Cooler Bag Makeup Fridge(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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