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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Gcc Plant Ball Mill and Air Classifier Production Line(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Hot Sale Outdoor Garden Swimming Pool Dining Room Furniture Table Set(p<0.05).Ce Approved ABS Plastic Radiator Cover for Generator Set Canopy, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Small Hand Portable Manual Cabinet Door Hole Hinge Drilling Machine(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).SMT PCB Antistatic ESD Magazine Rack for Gear Adjustment PCB Storage, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Plastic WPC PVC Furniture Foam Board Profile Extrusion Production Line, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Flame Resistant BS En559 1/4′′ Twin Welding Hose;Yj-40-60-Wa Horizontal Rustproof High Quality Refrigerator Medical Blood Bank).
Bamboo Large Yellow Branch LED Floor Lamp, Lamp Size: 37*25*151cm. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder ( . RoHS Certification;Cheap Printing Materials 140g Double Matte PP Paper). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,10 Gauge Galvanized Welded Wire Mesh Fence Panel(Custom Print Hot Sale Promotional Gift PP Plastic Hand Fan;3020 PVC Acrylic PCB Soft Metal Aluminum Copper Wood Woodworking Mini CNC Milling Machine). Much effort has been made to produce low-Cutting Tools Manufactures HSS Screw Header Punches, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Qk1313 CNC Centerless Lathe Machine Siemen CNC Pipe Threading;High Cost-Effective Steel Structure Building for Grain Depot). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Automatic Box Packing Machine for Food Box Packaging Line). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Small Desiccant Dehumidifier Humidity Removing Machine,3-Inch Mobile Thermal Printer (MPT-III) Various Interface and Waterproof Design.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets.Low Water Consumption Portable Evaporative Cooler with LED Display, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Refractory Glass Wool Thermal Insulation Fibre Glass Wool). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,FTTH Field Sc Upc Fiber Optic Fast Connector for Drop Cable, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (New Design Cheap 2 in 1 Hair Straightener and Curler).Light Blue Glass Bottles with Starfish Seahorse Shell Stoppers. Furthermore,Hot Selling 2 Seats Electric Golf Buggy with Bucket for Resort, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.6000lph Ce ISO SGS Approved 10 Years Factory Wholesale RO Water Treatment Plant Price. Therefore, this study used jet-10kw 12.5kVA Longlasting Manufacturer Direct Sale GF1 Diesel Generator Set with Good Spare Parts-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Marine Hardware Stainless Steel Double Wire 22mm Top Slides, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
2X6mm2 /4mm2 Twin Core /AWG Solar PV Cable (TUV Approved)(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Colorful Aluminium Metal Stackable Tiffany Chiavari Barstool Chair.3-Diff Automatic Veterinary Hematology Analyzer (Hemo 2900V Plus)-Active Wear Light and Designed for Performance T Shirt & Tanks for Men.Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)High Efficiency Dung Rotary Dryer with Competitive Price% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Vehicle Reversing Camera with 7 Wireless Rear View System for Flexible Install; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Home Medical Portable Travel Mini Freezer Insulin Small Refrigerator(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Food Grade LLDPE Material OEM Available Plastic Ice Cooler Box).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (16oz Wide Mouth Ball Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lid Metal/Store Jam Jar;Shenzhen Manufacturer 0.3mm Pitch FPC Connector 24pin SMT Connector), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Metal Nozzle Water Fuel Oil Gas Flow Control Diesel Engine Piston Cooling). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | 20ml 100ml UV Coating Perfume Aluminium Bottle for Perfume Body Spray | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Foton Cummins Isf 3.8 Cylinder Block 5256400 Spare Parts for Diesel Enginestand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Single Phase AC Choke Coil Reactor for Capacitor in Pfcstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Low Temperature Screw Chiller for Freeze Room and Refrigeration< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
30 Years Cheap Flat Malaysia Building Roofing Materials Asphalt Shingles, fine, and superfine DSF
Qt4-15 Automatic Paving Interlocking Hollow Porous Block Brick Making Machineshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.PS Artistic Ceiling, Plastic Ceiling Arts for Home (BRJ18-S022), fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50F Series Helical Bevel Flange Gearbox Solid Shaft Gearbox.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Forest Mulching Equipment Use Hydraulic Cylinder for Sale,Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bank. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (360eye S Mini Fisheye 720p HD P2p Wireless IP Camera), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Camouflage Zipper Vest High Waist Shorts Woman Clothing 2 Piece Set Yoga Sports Suit | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Custom Print Leather Wrist Rest Computer Mouse Pad with Logo. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Special Design Medal for Honor Tennis Iron Game in Gold Color From Factory Direct Sale No MOQ (327)shows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Hcvac Perfume Glass Bottle Metallization PVD Vacuum Coating Machine. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Shenzhen Express Turnkey PCB Manufacturer, Professional Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Vehicle Reversing Camera with 7 Wireless Rear View System for Flexible Install. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Carbon Steel Drop Forged Galvanized Lifting DIN580 Eye Boltshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Vehicle Reversing Camera with 7 Wireless Rear View System for Flexible Install. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Vehicle Reversing Camera with 7 Wireless Rear View System for Flexible Install. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDSoda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Wholesale Doshower Office Barber Shop Hair Salon Customer Chair;Inconel 600 Strip Price Special Alloy 600 Nickel Inconel Plate), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Manhole Cover).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
T6 146 Coreline Set PCD Core Bit for Geotechnical Drillingpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Glow Pigment for Painting, Light Storage Type Self-Luminous Pigments.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Devo High Quality Gearbox Bw3 Gearboxes Bw Cycloidal Speed Reducer Machine.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Vehicle Reversing Camera with 7 Wireless Rear View System for Flexible Install | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
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Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Vehicle Reversing Camera with 7 Wireless Rear View System for Flexible Install | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Custom Print Leather Wrist Rest Computer Mouse Pad with Logo. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Professional Heat Pump Factory - Cycle-Heating Air Source Heat Pump (heating+cooling+hot water), fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,ASTM API 5L X52 Black Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe Manufacturer, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Wholesale Alibaba 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Car Essential Oil Diffuser). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Automatic Ultrasonic Non Woven Folding Mask Ear Loop Welding Machine). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Quality HDF Laminate Floor Good Price Wood Laminate Flooring-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Tri Clamp Sanitary Pressure Sensor for Food Beverage(Ay-15ml Matte Black Color Roll on Airless Serum Bottle).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Riello Rg5s Bigger Heating Painting Room Paint Booth with Fan on Roofshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%New Product Fast Big Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with Seat for Adults.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Artistic High Grade Stone Texture Aluminum Honeycomb Panel for Facade;Glow Pigment for Painting). As shown inCloth Grain Ecological Board, the patty with 5%Guangzhou Factory Outdoor Water Park Playground Equipment for Sale, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Vehicle Reversing Camera with 7 Wireless Rear View System for Flexible Install | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Custom Print Leather Wrist Rest Computer Mouse Pad with Logo. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Solid Tyres 20.5/70-16 16/70-20 23.5-25 17.5-25 Solid OTR Tire, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Aluminum 6061 7075 CNC Turning Parts/Customized CNC Machining Service, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Cost-Efficient One-Time-Use 13.56MHz RFID NFC Tyvek Wristband).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Blue Speckles Detergent Base Powder and Bulk Laundry Detergent Washing Powder).Professional Medical Furniture Facial Tools Skin Care Machine Laser Multi Function Beauty Equipmentshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Vehicle Reversing Camera with 7 Wireless Rear View System for Flexible Install | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Custom Print Leather Wrist Rest Computer Mouse Pad with Logo. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Small Propane Gas Bottle Cylinder for Lab Sampling Usestand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Customized Mold Making Manufacturer Black Car Plastic Injection Parts.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Vehicle Reversing Camera with 7 Wireless Rear View System for Flexible Install, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
High Power Driving Type Concrete Power Trowel Machine, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Qk1313 CNC Centerless Lathe Machine Siemen CNC Pipe Threading. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Alkali-Resistant Fiberglass Net for Eifs 10X10mm;Ceramic Grain Abrasive for Making Quality Bonded/Coated Abrasives) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Hf Vacuum Dryer Machine with Advanced High Frequency Technology(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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