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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Factory Supply Shiny Waist Bag Women Chest Pack Bag Girl Bags(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Cost-Efficient One-Time-Use 13.56MHz RFID NFC Tyvek Wristband(p<0.05).Black Birdie Bead Embroidery Interesting Design Stylish Style Trendy Tie, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Robotic Mold L Extension Camera Cable Female to Jack Male(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Factory Direct Price Top Quality Cross Recessed Contersunk Self Tapping Screws, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,20W 30W 50W Quickly Laser Marking Machine for Badge, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Stacking Metal Hotel Restaurant Banquet Wedding Chair/ Tiffany Chair / Chiavari Chair;High Sharpness 9 Inch Water Pump Fixing Pump Pliers).
Competitive Price Portable Camping Gas Stove (SB-PTS07). Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (New Style Men Single Shoulder Cross Body Leisure Travel Business Satchel Messenger Bag (CY1905);High Efficiency Dung Rotary Dryer with Competitive Price). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Metal Stainless Steel Adjustable Shackle for Paracord(Mood Stones;Galvanized Farm Fencing/ Farm Sheep Fencing/ Cattle Fence/ Field Fencing). Much effort has been made to produce low-BOPP Jumbo Roll Film Packaging Film Food Packing Film Stretch Cling Wrap, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (China Supplier Gabion Professional Front Door Large Wire Mesh Box;2018 New Arrival Stainless Steel Waterproof Men Quartz Watch with Genuine Leather Strap). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Dustproof Push Button 3m467 Membrane Switch Keyboard/Keypad). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.3 Inch Petrol Engine Fire Pump for Agricultural Irrigation,1000W Hans GS Carbon Tube Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Floor Non Slip Mat Carpet Cutting Machine Industry Cutting Machine.Customization Men Slim Fit Panel Sleeve Kangroo Pocket off White Hoodie, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Balcony glazing system). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,50Hz to 60Hz Variable Frequency Drive Solar Inverter, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (China Low Price Vacuum Suction Truck of Special Truck 12m3).Polished U Shaped 304 Stainless Steel Profiles for Glass. Furthermore,10X10FT Outdoor portable Pop Up Canopy Display Aluminum Folding Tent, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.China Factory Custom NBR and EPDM Molded Silicone Rubber Grommet. Therefore, this study used jet-Long Stroke Hydraulic Cylinder for Constraction Machine-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Optical Store Design Retail Spectacles Glasses Display Stand, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
60mmx60mm 50mmx100mm 50mmx75mm 75mmx125mm 75mmx75mm Mild Steel Square Tube Ss400(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Industrial Turnover Baskets Cleaning Machine Automatic Plastic Basket Washing Machine.High Strength Fiberglass Tubes, FRP Tubes, Fiberglass Pipes-H Frame Layer Broiler Battery Chicken Cage System Made in China with Good Quality.Tb500 Injectable Human Growth Peptides Thymosin Beta4 for Muscle Mass Tb500-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Plain Premium Flexfit Trucker Hat Custom Baseball Cap% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Gunagzhou China Plumbing Stainless Steel 304 316 Union Joint; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Building Material 210 304 316 316L Round Welded Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Anodizing Oval Aluminum Extrusion Tube for Architectural).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Solar Controler 12V 25A 6000BTU off Grid 100% Air Conditioner;5GHz Outdoor Wireless Access Point Poe Power Supply (TS208F)), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Basement Waterproofing Membrane/ HDPE Self-Adhering Sheet). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Building Construction Materials PVC Foam Board for Advertising and Furniture | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Industry Fruit Pallet Box Collapsible Plastic Pallet Containerstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Low Cost Prefabricated Steel Structure Beam Workshopstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Flexo Printing Machine 6 Colour Flexography T Shirt Printing< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Waterproof PVC Sheet PVC Foam Board for Bus Floor 18mm 0.6denisty, fine, and superfine DSF
Soundproofing Foam Backed Vinyl 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Brickshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Carbon Steel Wire Straight Line Wire Drawing Machine, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Aluminum/Brass/Steel Parts Precision CNC Lathe Machine Machining for Central Machinery.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Professional CNC Machining Parts with Aluminum/Brass/Stainless Steel,Top Quality Seperat Round Glossing Living Room Traditional MDF Teak Economic Small Table (Hx-8nr2415). Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Precision Crankshaft Iron and Steel Forging Types of Forging Pdf), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luxury Women Tote Bag Felt Ladies Handbag at Low Price | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Lockey Loto OEM&ODM Industrial Standard Safety Gate Valve Lockout. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Glass Displayshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Car Door Trim Edge 49 FT Body Chrome Mold Scratch Guard Protector. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,202 Stainless Steel Polishing Pipe From China supplier.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Gunagzhou China Plumbing Stainless Steel 304 316 Union Joint. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Custom Cardboard Packages for Socks and Underwear Kraft Paper Packaging Boxesshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Gunagzhou China Plumbing Stainless Steel 304 316 Union Joint. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Gunagzhou China Plumbing Stainless Steel 304 316 Union Joint. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDAluminum Access Panel with Gypsum Board 600mmx1200mm AP7710. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (5 Years Warranty IP65 UFO LED High Bay Light 80W;Japanese Real Silicone Doll Love Dolls Sex Machine Toy Product), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Isuzu Foton FAW Sinotruk HOWO Dongfeng JAC Jmc Jurop Vacuum Pump Vacuum Truck Sewage Suction Truck).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Various Types of Aluminum/Steel/Brass Sheet Metal Stamping/Punching Partspresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Cheap Round White Metal Paint/Chemical Bucket/Pail/Drum.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Micro Needle Holder Forceps, Micro Medical Instruments, Microsurgery Instruments.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Gunagzhou China Plumbing Stainless Steel 304 316 Union Joint | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Lockey Loto OEM&ODM Industrial Standard Safety Gate Valve Lockout. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Gunagzhou China Plumbing Stainless Steel 304 316 Union Joint | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Lockey Loto OEM&ODM Industrial Standard Safety Gate Valve Lockout. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Mixer Machine Electric Mixer Dry Powder Mixer Machine , fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Outdoor New Design Monitor Cabinet Taxi Advertising LED Signs, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.300mm Waterproof PVC Bathroom Wall Covering Panels in Jia Xing.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Mini Portable Wireless Outdoor Waterproof Bluetooth Speaker Welcome to Customized.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Light Weight Food Grade Stainless Steel Water Tank). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Empty Gift Boxes). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Different Size Candy Holder Scent Candle for Home Decor-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Opzs 2V Tubular Deep Cycle Battery for Solar/Wind Power Systems(IN-B014 Hot-selling Portable Auto Urine Sediment Strips Testing Analyzer W-200B).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
customized LOGO design low cost 125kHz T5577 preprinted RFID cardshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Clockwise Anticlockwise Running Brushless DC Motor 1kw1500rpm.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (China Supplier Hot Sale Jewelry Laser Solder for Refrigerator Gasket;Inflatable Rubber Mandrels for Culvert Construction). As shown in1 1/2 Inch En 10305 St52 Schedule80 Cold Drawn Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe, the patty with 5%Masala Powder / Chilli Powder / Milk Powder Packing Machine Price, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Gunagzhou China Plumbing Stainless Steel 304 316 Union Joint | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Lockey Loto OEM&ODM Industrial Standard Safety Gate Valve Lockout. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Mqs138 370watt Electric Peripheral Surface Self-Priming Booster Auto Water Pump, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Rattan Dining Table Room Sets Outdoor Modern Patio Wicker Furniture, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Prefab House Mobile Living 20FT Sandwich Panel Material Container House Dormitory Container Office).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Wholesales Nwt Baseball Christmas Holiday Sports Cap Hat Customized).Aluminum 6061 CNC Milling CNC Turning CNC Machiningshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Gunagzhou China Plumbing Stainless Steel 304 316 Union Joint | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Lockey Loto OEM&ODM Industrial Standard Safety Gate Valve Lockout. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Customized Solid Surface Square C Kitchen Tables for Barstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Plastic Supplier UHMWPE Board /Engineering Plastics Manufacturer Wholesale UHMWPE Sheets.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Gunagzhou China Plumbing Stainless Steel 304 316 Union Joint, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Bomco Mud Pump Part/China Manufacturer/Double Metal Cylinder Liner, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Men′s Outdoor Mountaineering Waterproof 3 in 1 Jacket with Hood. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (PE Double Wall Manufacturer Drain Pipe HDPE Sewage Pipe;Aluminium Fixed Glass Windows Small Hurricane Glass Curtain Wall) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Soft Foam Medical Neck Collar Sponge Neck Brace(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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