Plant Extract Milk Thistle Powder Extract with 30% Silybin
Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Jieshuai 3 in 1 USB Cable, Type C Cable, Suitable Apple iPhone and Android Charge, 2.4A USB Cable(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Concrete Pumps Mobile Polyethylene Stabolizer Outrigger Pads Spreader Plates Crane Mats(p<0.05).LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W), gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Heatransfer Color Metal Iron Steel Security Door (W-S-125)(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Alloy Case Cheap Quartz Wrist Promotion Watch for Ladies (DC-999999), the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Table Lights E27 LED Bulb Retro Modern Desk Light;Office Furniture Cheap Metal Storage Filing Cabinet).
2.54mm Pitch Female Header SMT Type a Series PCB Connector. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Flat Defence Razor Wire Stainless Steel/Iron/Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire;Indoor LCD Advertising Screen Touch Kiosk with Motion Sensor and Printer). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,2ton R Type Electric Wire Rope Hoist with Single Speed(Small Machine Making Egg Tray;Diamond Polishing Abrasive Brush for Granite and Marble). Much effort has been made to produce low-Dia. 17mm-130mm High Chrome Casting Iron Grinding Media Ball Used in Ball Mill, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (400W Maglev Wind Turbine for Home or Farm Use (200W-5KW);Anti-Corrosion Cast Iron Floor Customized Dimension Use for Gestation or Farrowing). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Electronic Pulse Gas Stove Burner Igniter Transformer Parts). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees,High Temperature Resistant 99.3% 99.7% Alumina Ceramic Beads.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Aluminium Fixed Glass Windows Small Hurricane Glass Curtain Wall.Fatory Supply 4.3 Inch Mini Tablet PC Industrial Panel PC All-in-One Mini Computer, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Household Using Ozone Generator for Vegetables and Fruits (GL-3189)). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,ASTM A421 4mm Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Plastic Injection Kitchen Plate Dish Drying Drainer Rack).Automatic Hot Sell Strapper Machine (JDB-1300A-T). Furthermore,Low Cost Certificated Quality Aluminum Sheet 5083 Alloy, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Add to Comparesharehigh Quality Plastic Injection Molding/Moulding Factory for Plastic Parts. Therefore, this study used jet-Made in China Hebei Design Baby Stroller, Baby Carriers-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Risense Automatic Touch Free/Touchless/ Brushless High Pressure Washer, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Custom Logo White Reversible Embroidery Cotton Bucket Hat Wholesale(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Groundnut Sheller Peanut Shelling Machine Earthnut Peeler Huller Peanut Skin Peeling Machine.Factory Direct Sale Real Sex Doll Male Masturbator with Big Fat Ass-Mobile Scissor Lift Underground Car Lift/ Hydraulic Car Lift.Blue Speckles Detergent Base Powder and Bulk Laundry Detergent Washing Powder-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Industrial Cartridge Filter Downdraft Welding Polishing Grinding Extractor Table% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Energy Serving UPVC and PVC Profile for Window and Door; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Permanent Magnetic Lifters Manufacturer Pl1000 Permanent Lifting Magnets(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Aluminum Access Panel with Gypsum Board 600mmx1200mm AP7710).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Professional Manufacturer Supply Empty 100ml Customized Color Spray Glass Perfume Bottle;Biogas Desulphurization/Purification Tank Scrubber/Tower), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Raspberry Pi Touch Screen). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | China Manufacturer Competitive Price Chlorine Cylinder Valve | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Eo-Sterilized SMS Surgical Gown Knitted Cuff for Hospital/Medicalstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Simple Tassel Earring Women Sterling 925 Silver Tassel Drop Earringsstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Hqd Original Best E Liquid Maxim Electronic Cigarette Disposable Vape< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Wireless Charging 1: 1 Air Pods Wireless Bluetooth Earphone for Apple Airpods, fine, and superfine DSF
Sc/APC Singlemode 9/125 Simplex Fibre Optical Pigtail Cableshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Tactical Laser Sight Green Laser Pointer Compact Aluminum Alloy, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Portable Lightweight Steel Plate Edge Planing Machine.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Rubber Shock Absorber for Pump and Electricity Generator,Worm Gear Operation Wafer Lined PCTFE Butterfly Valve. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Samsung Pick and Place Machine for LED Component Mounting), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Cheaper Anti-Slip Wear-Resistant Waterproof PVC Floor Tiles Wholesaler | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Blonde Human Hair Lace Frontal, Remy Human Hair Extension at Wholesale Price (Straight). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
16oz Travel Mug Bamboo Fiber Coffee Cup with Silicone Ringshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Japanese Real Silicone Doll Love Dolls Sex Machine Toy Product. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Medium Duty Shelving Supported Metal Decking Mezzanine.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Energy Serving UPVC and PVC Profile for Window and Door. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
High Temperature Resistant 99.3% 99.7% Alumina Ceramic Beadsshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Energy Serving UPVC and PVC Profile for Window and Door. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Energy Serving UPVC and PVC Profile for Window and Door. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDWholesale HRC45 Tungsten Carbide Taper Ball Nose End Mill. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Special Made Perforated Aluminum Panel for The Expo Building in Hongkong (RNB-088);22mm Electric Planetary Gearbox High Torque Stepper Motor), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Waterproof Solar Powered Amber / Yellow Flashing Warning Light).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Low Temperature Screw Chiller for Freeze Room and Refrigerationpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Biogas Purification System for Carbon Dioxide Removal.4% and 27.2%, respectively.High Quality Hydraulic Stone Cone Crusher Machine for Rock/Quarry/Mining (HPY200).8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Energy Serving UPVC and PVC Profile for Window and Door | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Blonde Human Hair Lace Frontal, Remy Human Hair Extension at Wholesale Price (Straight). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Energy Serving UPVC and PVC Profile for Window and Door | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Blonde Human Hair Lace Frontal, Remy Human Hair Extension at Wholesale Price (Straight). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.High quality 110V DC Power Supply for American Market, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,for iPhone USB Cable, for iPhone 6 Charger Cable Original Support OEM, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Electric/Motorized Soft Seal Flanged Butterfly Valve (GAD941X).6% and 17.3%, respectively.Factory Price Standard Low Height Hydraulic Jack (FY-STC).5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Factory Price Standard Low Height Hydraulic Jack (FY-STC)). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Pipe Fitting Elbow). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Injection Molding Service Plastic Injection Mold Maker-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,20mm 25mm 32mm White Body Red Handle Fully Welded Ball Valve Wholesale(Carbon Steel Zinc Countersunk/ Flat Head Self Tapping Screw).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
6 Bands All Remote Controls Jammer / RF Jammer (315/433/868/915MHz)shows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Plant Extract Milk Thistle Powder Extract with 30% Silybin.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (3.7V 0716 Low Current Consumption Micro Electric Strong Vibration Motor;100% Cotton Baseball Cap Dad Cap Face Cap with Custom Logo). As shown inSoft Mask LED Panel P10 Advertising LED Panel/Stadium LED Display Video, the patty with 5%Industrial River Water Treatment Lamella Clarifier, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Energy Serving UPVC and PVC Profile for Window and Door | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Blonde Human Hair Lace Frontal, Remy Human Hair Extension at Wholesale Price (Straight). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.XCMG Xt870h Mini Backhoe Loader with Hydraulic Hammer Price (more model for sales), but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Hanging Suspended Aluminum Profile for LED Pendant Linear Light, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (2901056300 Air Compressor Industrial Automatic Drain Valve).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Hot Selling Dtl-2 Copper Aluminium Bimetal Terminal Connector Lugs).Rechargeable LFP Prismatic LiFePO4 Battery 3.2V 10ah Pouch Cell for Solar Storageshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Energy Serving UPVC and PVC Profile for Window and Door | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Blonde Human Hair Lace Frontal, Remy Human Hair Extension at Wholesale Price (Straight). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Hospital -86 Degree Ultra Low Temperature Freezer with Cestand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Anti-Yellow Acrylic Solid Surface 6mm 12mm Sheets Corians.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Energy Serving UPVC and PVC Profile for Window and Door, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
14.4V Power Supply Sc 2400mAh NiMH Rechargeable Battery Pack, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Simple Design Smooth PU Leather Women Crossbody Shoulder Bag. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Self Aligning HDPE/UHMWPE/Nylon/Plastic Friction Cone Taper Idler Roller for Belt Conveyor;Self-Service Car Washer with High Pressure Water Washing System) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
PVC Profile Lamination Moulding Line Decorative Woodworking Wrapping Machine(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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