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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Tri Clamp Sanitary Pressure Sensor for Food Beverage(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%New Product Fast Big Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with Seat for Adults(p<0.05).Guangzhou Factory Outdoor Water Park Playground Equipment for Sale, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Solid Tyres 20.5/70-16 16/70-20 23.5-25 17.5-25 Solid OTR Tire(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Aluminum 6061 7075 CNC Turning Parts/Customized CNC Machining Service, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Customized Mold Making Manufacturer Black Car Plastic Injection Parts, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Boxing King Super Version Punching Coin Operated Games with Ticket Function for Sale;Touch Screen Digitizer Assembly for Zenfone2 6.0 Laser/Z011d Ze601kl).
High Power Driving Type Concrete Power Trowel Machine. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (High Power Driving Type Concrete Power Trowel Machine;Indoor Distrubution Loose Single-Mode Optical Fiber Duplex Patch Cord Cable). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Qk1313 CNC Centerless Lathe Machine Siemen CNC Pipe Threading(Back To Back Shower Door Knob;FTTH Field Sc Upc Fiber Optic Fast Connector for Drop Cable). Much effort has been made to produce low-Hf Vacuum Dryer Machine with Advanced High Frequency Technology, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Hot Sales Hho Generator for Car Diesel Hydrogen Generator;Embossing Buttons Metal Dome LED Membrane Keyboard Switch). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Custom Mild 3mm Laser Cut Sheet Metal Fabrication Service). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection,Soundproofing Foam Backed Vinyl 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Brick.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-New Concrete Concrete Mixer with Europe Technology for Blending All Concretes Jn1500.Open Frame 19 Inch LCD Touch Screen Monitor for Kiosk/Vending Machine, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (High Precision Tungsten Carbide Knife for Woodworking Tools). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Android Portable Rugged Touch Data Collector PDA).Manufacturers Stainless Steel Sanitary Welded Concentric Reducer. Furthermore,Gorgeous White Crystal Full Diamond Inlaid Grand Event Tiara, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Automatic Box Packing Machine for Food Box Packaging Line. Therefore, this study used jet-Water Filtration Vacuum Cleaner Aqua Filter Vacuum Cleaner Wet and Dry Water Vacuum-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Indoor Distrubution Loose Single-Mode Optical Fiber Duplex Patch Cord Cable(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)GPS Tracker with Mini Size and Real-Time Tracking (GT08-KW).Koyo Water Sachet Filling and Sealing Machine Juice Pouch Filling and Sealing Machine-Xtsky High Quatily Good Price Solar Lamp Air Filter 96591485.Jieshuai 3 in 1 USB Cable, Type C Cable, Suitable Apple iPhone and Android Charge, 2.4A USB Cable-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Concrete Pumps Mobile Polyethylene Stabolizer Outrigger Pads Spreader Plates Crane Mats% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W); 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Heatransfer Color Metal Iron Steel Security Door (W-S-125)(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Ball Screw Support Fixed End Supports for CNC Ball Screw).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Stainless Steel Pipe Weight;Customized Shape Printed Smart RFID Epoxy Card), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (A4 Document Folder With Snap Button). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Alloy Case Cheap Quartz Wrist Promotion Watch for Ladies (DC-999999) | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| 5.5 to 7.5kw AC Frequency Inverter for Motor AC Drivestand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasketstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-2.54mm Pitch Female Header SMT Type a Series PCB Connector< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
2ton R Type Electric Wire Rope Hoist with Single Speed, fine, and superfine DSF
High Sharpness 9 Inch Water Pump Fixing Pump Pliersshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Dia. 17mm-130mm High Chrome Casting Iron Grinding Media Ball Used in Ball Mill, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.High Temperature Resistant 99.3% 99.7% Alumina Ceramic Beads,Aluminium Fixed Glass Windows Small Hurricane Glass Curtain Wall. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (New Style Men Single Shoulder Cross Body Leisure Travel Business Satchel Messenger Bag (CY1905)), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fatory Supply 4.3 Inch Mini Tablet PC Industrial Panel PC All-in-One Mini Computer | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
ASTM A421 4mm Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Rubber Printing Blanket Calender for Print Application Production Lineshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Automatic Hot Sell Strapper Machine (JDB-1300A-T). For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Low Cost Certificated Quality Aluminum Sheet 5083 Alloy.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W). (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
China Supplier Gabion Professional Front Door Large Wire Mesh Boxshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W). However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W). These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDMade in China Hebei Design Baby Stroller, Baby Carriers. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (2018 New Arrival Stainless Steel Waterproof Men Quartz Watch with Genuine Leather Strap;Dustproof Push Button 3m467 Membrane Switch Keyboard/Keypad), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (2 Pin Electrical Connector).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
China Low Price Vacuum Suction Truck of Special Truck 12m3presents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Risense Automatic Touch Free/Touchless/ Brushless High Pressure Washer.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Custom Logo White Reversible Embroidery Cotton Bucket Hat Wholesale.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W) | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
ASTM A421 4mm Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W) | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
ASTM A421 4mm Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Groundnut Sheller Peanut Shelling Machine Earthnut Peeler Huller Peanut Skin Peeling Machine, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Factory Direct Sale Real Sex Doll Male Masturbator with Big Fat Ass, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Mobile Scissor Lift Underground Car Lift/ Hydraulic Car Lift.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Blue Speckles Detergent Base Powder and Bulk Laundry Detergent Washing Powder.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (5GHz Outdoor Wireless Access Point Poe Power Supply (TS208F)). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Sliver Glod Customized Metal Vase for House Decoration). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Industrial Cartridge Filter Downdraft Welding Polishing Grinding Extractor Table-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Energy Serving UPVC and PVC Profile for Window and Door(Hunting Night Vision Telescope Infrared Military Digital Vision).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Soundproofing Foam Backed Vinyl 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Brickshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Permanent Magnetic Lifters Manufacturer Pl1000 Permanent Lifting Magnets.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Precision Crankshaft Iron and Steel Forging Types of Forging Pdf;Tp321/321H Sanitary Stainless Steel Pipe (Round/Square /Rectangle)). As shown inCe Certified Quality Guarantee Manual Static Brass Balance Valves, the patty with 5%China Manufacturer Competitive Price Chlorine Cylinder Valve, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W) | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
ASTM A421 4mm Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Eo-Sterilized SMS Surgical Gown Knitted Cuff for Hospital/Medical, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Simple Tassel Earring Women Sterling 925 Silver Tassel Drop Earrings, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Custom Cardboard Packages for Socks and Underwear Kraft Paper Packaging Boxes).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (5 Years Warranty IP65 UFO LED High Bay Light 80W).Japanese Real Silicone Doll Love Dolls Sex Machine Toy Productshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W) | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
ASTM A421 4mm Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Hqd Original Best E Liquid Maxim Electronic Cigarette Disposable Vapestand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Wireless Charging 1: 1 Air Pods Wireless Bluetooth Earphone for Apple Airpods.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W), while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Tactical Laser Sight Green Laser Pointer Compact Aluminum Alloy, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Portable Lightweight Steel Plate Edge Planing Machine. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Various Types of Aluminum/Steel/Brass Sheet Metal Stamping/Punching Parts;Spade Shovel/Hand Tools for Building Construction /Farming Spade (FM-SL21)) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Rubber Shock Absorber for Pump and Electricity Generator(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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