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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.1 1.8 2 Inch High Pressure Centrifugal Stand 4.5cm DC Fan Axial Fan(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Cement Mortar Mixing Pumping Screeding Grouting Spraying Wall Plastering Machine(p<0.05).High Quality and Cheap Price Non-Ferrous Metal Eddy Current Separator, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Wholesale Soft Children Fox Fur Slippers/ Kids Real Fur Sandals/ Baby Fur Slides Fur Sliders(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Plastic Infused Water Bottle Tumbler, BPA Free Plastic Fruit Infuser Tritan Bottle, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Stainless Steel Pipe Weight, Stainless Steel Pipe Price, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Wide Application Rotary Water Well Drilling Rigs for Sale;One Stop Service for Cooling Tower and Cooling Tower Parts).
Cheap Printing Materials 140g Double Matte PP Paper. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (PTFE Sealing Borosilicate Lab Chemical Jacketed Glass Lined Reactor;Quick Deploy Empty Expandable Container House for Emergency). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,2901056300 Air Compressor Industrial Automatic Drain Valve(5 Ounce 150ml Color Painting Air Freshener Glass Diffuser Bottle;Pet Dog Cat Glove Brush Cleaning and Grooming Products). Much effort has been made to produce low-FAW HOWO Shacman Dongfeng Beiben Foton Truck Spare Parts Thrust Washer, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Outdoor New Design Monitor Cabinet Taxi Advertising LED Signs;Factory Direct Price Top Quality Cross Recessed Contersunk Self Tapping Screws). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Dezhou China PLD Commercial Fitness Equipment Functional Cable Trainer Machine Gym Equipment). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.2019 Hot Sell Green Black Pink Red Custom Made Backpacks for Girls Kids Fashion Mochilas,Artistic High Grade Stone Texture Aluminum Honeycomb Panel for Facade.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Ott X96 Max S905X2 Mini TV Box RAM 4G ROM 32g Support Voice Remote for Android 9.1 Smart TV Box.Tapered Chisel /Cross/Button Drill Bits for Pneumatic Rock Drill, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (High Pressure Oil Resistant High Pressure Hydraulic Hose R1 R2). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,(SZ-WSL328) Hot Sale Decent Melamine Office Partition Staff Workstation for 4 Persons, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Auto Spare Parts Special Eco-Friendly PU/PVC Car Foot Mats for Nissan Juke/Leaf).7X12W Stage DMX Professional Moving Head LED Wash Lighting. Furthermore,Stainless steel processing deep groove ball bearing 6302 OPEN, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Msd-Z-25 Double Diaphragm Embedded Solenoid Pulse Valve for Air Cleaning. Therefore, this study used jet-High Precision SUS316 Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Vibrating Screen Machine-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
CNC Precision Machined/Machine/Machining Steel Components Parts, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Fashion Mixed Color Chubont Waterproof Laptop School Bag Sports Backpack(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Cold Room Middle Temperature Condensing Unit Xjq04mag.Full Feed Track Self-Propelled Type Combined Agricultural Harvester Farm Harvester-Top 10 Industrial Gas Oil Fired Steam Boiler Manufacturers in China.Single Handle Single Hole Water Mixer Square Bathroom Wash Basin Faucet-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Wholesale 250ml 8oz Drop Water Juice Glass Bottle Simple and Elegant% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)13.9oz Men Super Stretch Selvedge Skinny Jeans Fabric W150210(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Turnkey Project Genyond Strewberry Canning Plant).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Children Kids Clothing Baby Product Fleece Jackets Lightweight Plain;Flexo Printing Machine 6 Colour Flexography T Shirt Printing), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Multi-Function Washing Powder Packing Packaging Equipment). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | New Hottest Educational Wooden Bead Toys for Kids 2018 W11b176 | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Nature′s Way, Alive! Once Daily, Men′s Multi-Vitamin, 60 Tabletsstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Fashion Business Nylon Suitcase Carry on Spinner Wheel Travel Luggagestbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Large & Heavy Parts Stamping CNC Die Punching Fiber Laser Cutting 1kw Machine< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Precision Aluminum Die Casting Hot Top Aluminium Billet Casting, fine, and superfine DSF
Chaina Brand Air Cooled Condensing Unit for Cold Storage Cold Roomshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Commercial Beer Brewery Equipment Beer Fermenter Tanks (ACE-FJG-070249), fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Matte Black Glass Essential Oil Bottles with Bamboo Cap.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Xy 10016: 9 Format Ambient Light Rejection Electric Projection Screen,Epoxy Resin Fiberglass Laminate Fr4/Epgc201 (Yellow Color). Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Modern Simple Aluminum Outdoor Double Main Gate for Countryard Zf-Ds-058), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transverse Tear and Impact Resistance Ep/Nn Transportation Belt | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Az60 55%Al Gl/Galvalume Steel Coil by China Manufacturer. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Semi Trailer Partsshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Otis Lift 304 Ss Lifting Equipment Bed Hospital Elevator. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Double Torsion Hay Rake Red Spring Tine for Farming Machinery.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Low Price China Factory Rubber Anti-Fatigue Rubber Matsshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDSyc400 UV Curing Machine Tshirt Curing Machine UV Lamp UV Ink Drying Machine. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (TBR SBR Linear Rail Support Bearing Unit Aluminum Linear Rail Unit;Microbeads/Industrial Abrasive Glass Beads for Sandblasting), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (International Standard Socket with Duo Mechanical (QX5610)).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
High Back Royal Queen Hotel Wedding Sofa King Throne Chairpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.6 Strand PP Combination Wire Rope for Fishing Tackle.4% and 27.2%, respectively.R Series Flange Mounted Helical Cement Mixers Reduction Box.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Az60 55%Al Gl/Galvalume Steel Coil by China Manufacturer. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Az60 55%Al Gl/Galvalume Steel Coil by China Manufacturer. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Luzhong-804 80HP 4WD Wheeled Agriculture / Farm Tractor, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Lamination Wooden Colors for PVC Ceiling Panel and Wall Panel, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.50mm Diameter Q235 Carbon Square Steel Pipe for Structure.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Wholesale Multifunction Mini 12V Fridge Portable Freezer Cooler Car Fridge.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Composite Fiberglass FRP SMC BMC Manhole Covers with Frame). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Rapid Diagnostic Test Kits). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.300mm Rotary China CNC Router Machine, 4th Axis CNC Router-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,HPMC for White Cement Admixtures Putty Powder Additives(Potassium Ferrocyanide Trihyrate MSDS CAS 14459-95-1).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Durable Stainless Steel 304 304 L Water Well Casing Pipeshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Hot New Products Electric Wheel Loader Dumping Dumper.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (High Brightness 100lm/W 45W CREE COB LED Track Light;Cummins ISF diesel engine parts oil filter element LF17356 5266016). As shown inHigh Molecular Cationic Polyacrylamide PAM Flocculant for Paper Mill, the patty with 5%Sheet Metal Parts Processing Iron Aluminum Stainless Steel Hardware Parts to Figure Custom Bending, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Az60 55%Al Gl/Galvalume Steel Coil by China Manufacturer. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.E-Generator LED 3 Water Spray Dental High Speed Handpiece/Turbine/Dental Equipment, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.China Clamping-Clamping Pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Horizontal Actuator, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Solid Brass Shower Room Rail Shower Column Set 81137).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (2ton R Type Electric Wire Rope Hoist with Single Speed).9171756 Auto Parts Car Air Cabin Filter Manufacturershows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Az60 55%Al Gl/Galvalume Steel Coil by China Manufacturer. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).High Quality Injection Molding Machine Parts Plastic Forming Partsstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%10rt/35.16kw Capacity Water Cooled Industrial Beer Chiller.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Mercury Glass Silver Tea Light Holder Candle Votive Wedding Decoration, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Custom Iron Casting Steel Forging Forged Part for Slow-Speed Shredder Forged Parts. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Atorvastatin Calcium Cardiovascular Medicine Raw Materials;New Arrival 10W Dimmable UFO Solar Rechargeable LED Bulb Light for Camping) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Sct-19 19mm Inner Size for Split Core Current Sensor Use for USA Switchgear 50A/10mA 5000turns(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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