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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Children Clothes Dress Girls Summer Cotton Skirts Casual Floral Toddle Girls Skater Skirts(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%ISO Certoficated Multigauge Automatic Computer Flat Knitting Machine(p<0.05).Electric Centrifugal Borehole Well Copper Wire Sewage Submersible Water Pump, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,UL3135 Electrical Wire Electrical+Wires Trailer Harness(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Custom Mild 3mm Laser Cut Sheet Metal Fabrication Service, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Professional Extreme Launch Jump Trampoline Park, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (2.8inch OLED Display 256X64 Parrallel/Spi/I2c Visible Display in Sunlight;Stainless Steel ISO 7380 Standard Bolt Made in China).
Stainless Steel 316L Hydraulic Cylinder Round Honed Tube. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (High Quality Wholesale Cosmetic Spray Bottle with Aluminum Lid;Table Lights E27 LED Bulb Retro Modern Desk Light). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Good 0.38mm Color Frosted White PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass(m.czmtev.com;Office Furniture Cheap Metal Storage Filing Cabinet). Much effort has been made to produce low-Furniture Screw Fastener Double Thread Ended Stud with Space, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Flat Defence Razor Wire Stainless Steel/Iron/Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire;Indoor LCD Advertising Screen Touch Kiosk with Motion Sensor and Printer). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Diamond Polishing Abrasive Brush for Granite and Marble). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Low Temperature Water Cooled Screw Chiller/Industrial Water Cooling System,Unimin Quartz Silica Sand 60-120 Mesh for Quartz Tube.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-12V 30ah LiFePO4 Lithium-Ion Iron Phosphate Car Batteries.Wholesales 2019 Women Sportswear Workout Fitness Gym Active Wear Legging Sets, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (3-Tab Green Asphalt Shingles). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Stainless Steel Hand Operated Equal Tee Butterfly Valve, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (400W Maglev Wind Turbine for Home or Farm Use (200W-5KW)).High Manganese Steel Hitachi Ex3500 Ex3600 Ex5500 Gyratory Crusher Parts Track Shoe. Furthermore,Bugle Head Black Self Tapping Drywall Screws for Ceiling, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Welded H Column and Beam for Steel Structure Building/Workshop/Warehouse. Therefore, this study used jet-Mill Finish Aluminum Circle Sheet for Pan Cooking Used-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Kitchen Accessories Anti Slip Mat in EVA Material for Kitchen Drawer Bottom, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Auto Shutter Camera for Trucks, Trailors, Heavy Eqiupments(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Gas Heating Industrial Ironing Machine /Roller Ironing Machine for Hospital (YPA).New Type Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Seeds-Vacuum Evaporation Crystallization Equipment for Sodium Thiosulfate.Ec/Gl Certification 35 Men Self-Righting Inflatable Life Raft-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Custom High Precision Zirconia Alumina Ceramic Go-No Go Fixed Gauges% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%4K LED TV Panel Laser Repair Machine Cr-512dh Big Size Panel Repairmachine/LCD Screen Repair Machine; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Aluminum Composite Panel Aluminium Honeycomb Backed Stone Panel(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Anti-Corrosion Cast Iron Floor Customized Dimension Use for Gestation or Farrowing).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Electronic Pulse Gas Stove Burner Igniter Transformer Parts;Plastic Injection Kitchen Plate Dish Drying Drainer Rack), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (300kg Potato Chips Making Machine Manufacturers Cheap Price). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Chaina Brand Air Cooled Condensing Unit for Cold Storage Cold Room | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Pet Dog Cat Glove Brush Cleaning and Grooming Productsstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | ISO9001 China Supplier OEM High Quality Sheet Metal Fabricationstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Special Made Perforated Aluminum Panel for The Expo Building in Hongkong (RNB-088)< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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Professional Manufacturer Supply Empty 100ml Customized Color Spray Glass Perfume Bottleshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Stable Industrial Servo Motor Robot Arm Injection Molding Machine, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Baking Tray Die-Custom Stamps-Metal Stamping-Deep Drawings.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Factory Price Cheap World Cup Fans 14X21cm or Any Other Size Ecuador Hand Held Flag,China High Quality Carbide Thread End Mills for Metal Steel. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Biogas Desulphurization/Purification Tank Scrubber/Tower), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Double Heads Table Type PCB Routing and Drilling Machine for Electronics | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
High Speed Pet Bottle Sorting Machine/Pet Recycling Washing System Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Geometric Pattern Modern Carpet Style Handmade Carpet for Living Room Carpet Ideasshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Wellgo F265 Black Folding Bicycle Pedals Aluminum Folded Pedal. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Powder Coating Line Designer and Manufacturer for Heating Units.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%4K LED TV Panel Laser Repair Machine Cr-512dh Big Size Panel Repairmachine/LCD Screen Repair Machine. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Samsung Pick and Place Machine for LED Component Mountingshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%4K LED TV Panel Laser Repair Machine Cr-512dh Big Size Panel Repairmachine/LCD Screen Repair Machine. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%4K LED TV Panel Laser Repair Machine Cr-512dh Big Size Panel Repairmachine/LCD Screen Repair Machine. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDRound Shape Massage Finger Rehabilitation Trainer Massage Hand Grip. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Ozone/Active Oxygen Water Fruit & Vegetable Washer/Cleaner/Puridier;Sany/Zoomlion/Putzmeister/Schwing Concrete Pump Cylinder Seal Kits/Repair Kits), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (High Quality Noodles Weighing Packing Machine with Three Weighers).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
High Temperature Resistant 99.3% 99.7% Alumina Ceramic Beadspresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.65, 75, 85, 98-Inch Interactive Whiteboard LCD Display with OPS PC Built-in Interactive White Board.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Hot Selling Dtl-2 Copper Aluminium Bimetal Terminal Connector Lugs.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%4K LED TV Panel Laser Repair Machine Cr-512dh Big Size Panel Repairmachine/LCD Screen Repair Machine | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
High Speed Pet Bottle Sorting Machine/Pet Recycling Washing System Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%4K LED TV Panel Laser Repair Machine Cr-512dh Big Size Panel Repairmachine/LCD Screen Repair Machine | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
High Speed Pet Bottle Sorting Machine/Pet Recycling Washing System Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.High Brightness 100lm/W 45W CREE COB LED Track Light, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Self-Service Car Washer with High Pressure Water Washing System, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Flat Defence Razor Wire Stainless Steel/Iron/Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Low Temperature Screw Chiller for Freeze Room and Refrigeration). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Pvc Resin K57). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Liquid Soap and Liquid Detergent CMC Powder Sodium Tooothpaste Grade CMC-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Camouflage Men Shoulder Bags USB Charging Crossbody Anti-Theft Chest Bag(OEM Make Denso Type Auto Air Conditioner Compressor).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Syc400 UV Curing Machine Tshirt Curing Machine UV Lamp UV Ink Drying Machineshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Competitive Price Advertising Outdoor Full Color P3.91 LED Display Screen with Moveable Installation.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Factory Price Standard Low Height Hydraulic Jack (FY-STC);Carbon Steel Zinc Countersunk/ Flat Head Self Tapping Screw). As shown inUAZ, the patty with 5%Food Grade FCC and E282 Preservative Calcium Propionate, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%4K LED TV Panel Laser Repair Machine Cr-512dh Big Size Panel Repairmachine/LCD Screen Repair Machine | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
High Speed Pet Bottle Sorting Machine/Pet Recycling Washing System Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Dental Product of Sapphire Bracket with Ce Certificate, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Chinese Biggest Used Truck Market - Used Truck Crane Sany Stc25 with 25t Lifting with Best Price, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (3.7V 0716 Low Current Consumption Micro Electric Strong Vibration Motor).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (100% Cotton Baseball Cap Dad Cap Face Cap with Custom Logo).Customization Men Slim Fit Panel Sleeve Kangroo Pocket off White Hoodieshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%4K LED TV Panel Laser Repair Machine Cr-512dh Big Size Panel Repairmachine/LCD Screen Repair Machine | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
High Speed Pet Bottle Sorting Machine/Pet Recycling Washing System Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).(SP-EC489) Wholesale Cafe Restaurant Used Solid Wood Dining Chairstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Durable Stainless Steel 304 304 L Water Well Casing Pipe.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%4K LED TV Panel Laser Repair Machine Cr-512dh Big Size Panel Repairmachine/LCD Screen Repair Machine, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
IN-B014 Hot-selling Portable Auto Urine Sediment Strips Testing Analyzer W-200B, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Lady Casual Shoes Leather Shoes High Heel Shoes Hx H05. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (2901056300 Air Compressor Industrial Automatic Drain Valve;Hot Selling Dtl-2 Copper Aluminium Bimetal Terminal Connector Lugs) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
H6 Solid Tungsten Carbide Rods with Quality Guarantee(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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