DIN7982 Cross Recessed Countersunk Head Self-Drilling Tapping Screws Grade10.9
Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%HPMC Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose with Industrial Grade(p<0.05).Hydraulic Double Roller Crusher for Coal Crushing, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Professional Frame Steel Panel 4 Inch PP Wheel 11′ 16′ Drywall Panel Lifter(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Hot Sale Ultrasonic Vacuum Cavitation Lipo Reduction Slimming Machine, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,CNC Laser Metal Cutting Machine, Laser Cutting Machine 500W 1000W, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Low Price 1.4501/S32760 Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Pipe;1/8 3504 Deflection V Jet Narrow Angle Flat Fan Spray Nozzle).
Elastic Laces Dyeing and Finishing Machine with High Speed. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Industrial River Water Treatment Lamella Clarifier;Single Handle Single Hole Water Mixer Square Bathroom Wash Basin Faucet). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Electric Four Wheel Scooter Mobility Scooter (FP-EMS01)(Rotary Actuator Hydraulic Jps;Devo High Quality Gearbox Bw3 Gearboxes Bw Cycloidal Speed Reducer Machine). Much effort has been made to produce low-1.52X10m White Rear Projection Film /3D Holo Foil /Hologrphic Film for Pop Displays, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Mqs138 370watt Electric Peripheral Surface Self-Priming Booster Auto Water Pump;Disposable Medical Blood Lancet Pen Type Collection Needle). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Stainless Steel 316L Hydraulic Cylinder Round Honed Tube). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.250A 3 Pole Load Disconnect Switch AC/DC Main Isolator,Dining Furniture Restaurant Dining Set Stainless Steel Marble Dining Table.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-16oz Wide Mouth Ball Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lid Metal/Store Jam Jar.Mobile Machine Tool Cabinet (OEM Sheet Metal Tool Cabinet), as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (My-G084 Syringe Pump (Double Channel) (with drug library)). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Ce Approved Spiral Electric Cable Coiled Wire Power Cable, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling ( White Kraft Cake Box Promotion).Wholesale Doshower Office Barber Shop Hair Salon Customer Chair. Furthermore,Best Price 3 Axle 40 ft Flatbed Chassis Leaf Spring Semi Trailers, 40 Feet Container Trailer, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.High Impact Support Sports Bra Yoga Gym Workout Fitness. Therefore, this study used jet-Quality Custom Aluminum Die Casting/ Metal Casting Heat Sink/ Radiator-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Custom Different Size Colored Vulcanized Silicone / NBR Rubber O-Ring% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Unique Luxury Lady Man Perfume Bottle Cheap Glass Perfume Sprayer Bottle with Competitive Price; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Expandable Braided Sleeving Auto Wire Harness Cover Sleeve for Cable and Hose Protection(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (20t-200t Large Fish Hatchery UV Sterilizer Water Treatment Equipment).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Marine Hardware Stainless Steel Double Wire 22mm Top Slides; Gigabit Ethernet and WiFi. Embedded Ipc), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (High Purity Lead Ingot Reasonable Price Good Quality). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Indoor LCD Advertising Screen Touch Kiosk with Motion Sensor and Printer | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Top Grade Oil Refining Machine/Refined Sunflower Oil Equipmentstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Veterinary Drugs of Tetracycline hydrochloride Bolus 100 tabsstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Gentory Cupc Massage 304 Stainless Steel Shower Panel for Bathroom< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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Remy Human Hair Extension at Wholesale Price (Straight)shows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Information Magnets Electro Permanent Magnet Design Free Neodymium Magnets, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Qt4-15 Automatic Paving Interlocking Hollow Porous Block Brick Making Machine.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Freestanding Heating Pellet Stove for Large Space (CR-09),Gold Open Metal Short Crocodile Wallet for Girl Women Lady. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Hot Selling 2 Seats Electric Golf Buggy with Bucket for Resort), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Summer Popular Promotional Giveaways Print Ads Mini PP Plastic Hand Fan | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
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Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Cordless Led Lighted Makeup Mirrorshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Engineering Working Safety Shoes Anti Slip Shoes (SF-949). For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Self Aligning HDPE/UHMWPE/Nylon/Plastic Friction Cone Taper Idler Roller for Belt Conveyor.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Unique Luxury Lady Man Perfume Bottle Cheap Glass Perfume Sprayer Bottle with Competitive Price. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Commercial Modular 100% Nylon / 100% PU Foam Carpet Tile for Hotel Office Exhibition and Homeshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Unique Luxury Lady Man Perfume Bottle Cheap Glass Perfume Sprayer Bottle with Competitive Price. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Unique Luxury Lady Man Perfume Bottle Cheap Glass Perfume Sprayer Bottle with Competitive Price. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDHigh Purity Centrifugal Pump Ss 304 Double Mechanical Seal. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (New Design! Giant Inflatable Dog Bed/Inflatable Bouncer Slide for Sale;Bohemia Clip Sunflower Earring Round Shape Pearl Rhinestone (ESG11638)), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Hot Sale Hr-30 Drilling Machine Spindle Accessory Hydraulic Check Unit).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Warehouse Heavy Duty Drive-in Storage Racking Manufacturerpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.720p Wireless Outdoor Surveillance Waterproof IP IR Camera.4% and 27.2%, respectively.New Design! Giant Inflatable Dog Bed/Inflatable Bouncer Slide for Sale.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Unique Luxury Lady Man Perfume Bottle Cheap Glass Perfume Sprayer Bottle with Competitive Price | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
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Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Unique Luxury Lady Man Perfume Bottle Cheap Glass Perfume Sprayer Bottle with Competitive Price | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
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Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Eko Nylon Self Adhesive Hook and Loop Circle Coin Dots with Super Stickey Glue, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,3015 Cheap CNC Welding Plasma Pipe Tube Cutting Machine China Plasma Tables for Sale, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Polished Precision Machining Zirconia Ceramic Cap Lid Cover Sleeve.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Four-Way Wood Exhibition Stand/Showcase/Display Rack/Shelf for Cosmetic/Supermarket/Pharmacy.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Gorgeous White Crystal Full Diamond Inlaid Grand Event Tiara). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Lucky Wireless Sensor Sonar FF1108-1CT Fish Finder for Outdoor Sports). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Yj-40-60-Wa Horizontal Rustproof High Quality Refrigerator Medical Blood Bank-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,ETL Certified Panel Fixture Grow Housing LED Panel Light(Black Aluminum Frame Automatic Glass Sectional Garage Doors for House).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Automatic Wood Planer Thicknesser with Helical Cutter Headshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Outdoor High Brightness RGB P10 Waterproof LED Display.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating ( Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Cryogen Agent;CNC Machining Parts Anodized Aluminum Frame for Solar Panel Aluminum 6063 Mechanical Processed Parts). As shown inwww.gaofeng-petro.com, the patty with 5%Hot Sale Aluminum Silicone Sealant for General Purpose, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Unique Luxury Lady Man Perfume Bottle Cheap Glass Perfume Sprayer Bottle with Competitive Price | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
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The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.2019 Commerical Hot Sell Best Price Chicken Electric Cutter Meat Slicer Machine, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (New Generation CE RoHS Approval 110V 220V 40W Garden Lamps).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Hot Sale LED Strip Light with Blister Package (SMD3528/SMD5050)).Qt15-15 Full Automatic Concrete Interlock Paving Curbstone Hollow Block Making Machineshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Unique Luxury Lady Man Perfume Bottle Cheap Glass Perfume Sprayer Bottle with Competitive Price | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
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The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Prevent Malaria Zika Durable Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Mosquito Netstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Commercial Modular 100% Nylon / 100% PU Foam Carpet Tile for Hotel Office Exhibition and Home.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Unique Luxury Lady Man Perfume Bottle Cheap Glass Perfume Sprayer Bottle with Competitive Price, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
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Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Small Animal Shape Kids Playground Slide for Children(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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