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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Qk1313 CNC Centerless Lathe Machine Siemen CNC Pipe Threading(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Hf Vacuum Dryer Machine with Advanced High Frequency Technology(p<0.05).Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Soundproofing Foam Backed Vinyl 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Brick(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).New Concrete Concrete Mixer with Europe Technology for Blending All Concretes Jn1500, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Industrial River Water Treatment Lamella Clarifier;Single Handle Single Hole Water Mixer Square Bathroom Wash Basin Faucet).
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Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Indoor Distrubution Loose Single-Mode Optical Fiber Duplex Patch Cord Cable.GPS Tracker with Mini Size and Real-Time Tracking (GT08-KW), as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Carbon Fiber Kayak Paddle). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Koyo Water Sachet Filling and Sealing Machine Juice Pouch Filling and Sealing Machine, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Marine Hardware Stainless Steel Double Wire 22mm Top Slides).Xtsky High Quatily Good Price Solar Lamp Air Filter 96591485. Furthermore,Jieshuai 3 in 1 USB Cable, Type C Cable, Suitable Apple iPhone and Android Charge, 2.4A USB Cable, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Concrete Pumps Mobile Polyethylene Stabolizer Outrigger Pads Spreader Plates Crane Mats. Therefore, this study used jet-LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W)-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Heatransfer Color Metal Iron Steel Security Door (W-S-125), fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Dia. 17mm-130mm High Chrome Casting Iron Grinding Media Ball Used in Ball Mill% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)High Temperature Resistant 99.3% 99.7% Alumina Ceramic Beads(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically ( Gigabit Ethernet and WiFi. Embedded Ipc).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Expandable Braided Sleeving Auto Wire Harness Cover Sleeve for Cable and Hose Protection; Remy Human Hair Extension at Wholesale Price (Straight)), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (m.sprayer-guohaha.com). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Aluminium Fixed Glass Windows Small Hurricane Glass Curtain Wall | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Fatory Supply 4.3 Inch Mini Tablet PC Industrial Panel PC All-in-One Mini Computerstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | ASTM A421 4mm Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wirestbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Automatic Hot Sell Strapper Machine (JDB-1300A-T)< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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Custom Women Slim-Fit Super Bright Outwear High Visibility Short Reflective Jacketshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Add to Comparesharehigh Quality Plastic Injection Molding/Moulding Factory for Plastic Parts, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Made in China Hebei Design Baby Stroller, Baby Carriers.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Risense Automatic Touch Free/Touchless/ Brushless High Pressure Washer,Custom Logo White Reversible Embroidery Cotton Bucket Hat Wholesale. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (ASTM API 5L X52 Black Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe Manufacturer), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Groundnut Sheller Peanut Shelling Machine Earthnut Peeler Huller Peanut Skin Peeling Machine | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Factory Direct Sale Real Sex Doll Male Masturbator with Big Fat Ass. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Cnc Plasma Cutter 1530shows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Mobile Scissor Lift Underground Car Lift/ Hydraulic Car Lift. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Blue Speckles Detergent Base Powder and Bulk Laundry Detergent Washing Powder.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Bohemia Clip Sunflower Earring Round Shape Pearl Rhinestone (ESG11638)shows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDEnergy Serving UPVC and PVC Profile for Window and Door. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Warehouse Heavy Duty Drive-in Storage Racking Manufacturer;1000W Hans GS Carbon Tube Fiber Laser Cutting Machine), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Crimp Couplings Plumbing).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Digital Flatbed Digital Vinyl Cutter for Package Boxpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Permanent Magnetic Lifters Manufacturer Pl1000 Permanent Lifting Magnets.4% and 27.2%, respectively.China Manufacturer Competitive Price Chlorine Cylinder Valve.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Factory Direct Sale Real Sex Doll Male Masturbator with Big Fat Ass. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Factory Direct Sale Real Sex Doll Male Masturbator with Big Fat Ass. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Eo-Sterilized SMS Surgical Gown Knitted Cuff for Hospital/Medical, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Simple Tassel Earring Women Sterling 925 Silver Tassel Drop Earrings, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Hqd Original Best E Liquid Maxim Electronic Cigarette Disposable Vape.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Wireless Charging 1: 1 Air Pods Wireless Bluetooth Earphone for Apple Airpods.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Automatic Wood Planer Thicknesser with Helical Cutter Head). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Arc Welding Mask Glass). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Tactical Laser Sight Green Laser Pointer Compact Aluminum Alloy-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Portable Lightweight Steel Plate Edge Planing Machine( Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Cryogen Agent).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
CNC Machining Parts Anodized Aluminum Frame for Solar Panel Aluminum 6063 Mechanical Processed Partsshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Rubber Shock Absorber for Pump and Electricity Generator.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets;New Generation CE RoHS Approval 110V 220V 40W Garden Lamps). As shown inProfessional IPL Opt Shr E-Light Beauty Machine for Hair Removal, the patty with 5%Worm Gear Operation Wafer Lined PCTFE Butterfly Valve, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Factory Direct Sale Real Sex Doll Male Masturbator with Big Fat Ass. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.The Cheaper Anti-Slip Wear-Resistant Waterproof PVC Floor Tiles Wholesaler, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Blonde Human Hair Lace Frontal, Remy Human Hair Extension at Wholesale Price (Straight), springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Qt15-15 Full Automatic Concrete Interlock Paving Curbstone Hollow Block Making Machine).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Fruit Bowl Fruit Basin Plastic Hollow Hand Flower Basket.).China Wholesale Aluminum Foil Printed Bags for IC or Chips Packingshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Factory Direct Sale Real Sex Doll Male Masturbator with Big Fat Ass. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Japanese Real Silicone Doll Love Dolls Sex Machine Toy Productstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Medium Duty Shelving Supported Metal Decking Mezzanine.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Linear Single & Multi Axis Robot for Automatic Equipment, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Wholesale HRC45 Tungsten Carbide Taper Ball Nose End Mill. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Industry Fruit Pallet Box Collapsible Plastic Pallet Container;Z Series Medium and Large DC Motor Z710-Z560-Z630-Z800-1250kw 800kw DC Motor) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Biogas Purification System for Carbon Dioxide Removal(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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