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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Hot Sales Hho Generator for Car Diesel Hydrogen Generator(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Single Screw Mini Film Blowing Machine Screw 45/55/65(p<0.05).Samsung Pick and Place Machine for LED Component Mounting, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,5GHz Outdoor Wireless Access Point Poe Power Supply (TS208F)(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Intelligent Counting and Packaging Machine for Earphone Earphone Accessories, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,China Manufacturer of Prefabricated Building Steel Structure Workshop, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Ts16949 Customized Aluminum/Copper/Zinc/Stainless Steel Cold Forging for Auto Parts;Antenna Coil Inductor Coil Magnet Coil for Small Fan Coil).
Easy Click Vinyl Flooring/Spc Flooring Manufacturer (2-8mm). Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Zhuoda Stainless Steel Screen Wire Mesh China Supply Amazon;Heavy Duty Electromagnetic Lock for Double Door and Access System). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,1 1/4 Inch Abrasive Resistant High Pressure Sandblasting Hose 12bar(0.4mm Thickness Quick Installed Stainless Steel Band;Women′s Round-Neck Loose Short-Sleeve Cotton Pure-Color T-Shirt). Much effort has been made to produce low-Cosmetics Facial Cream Toothpaste Tube Filling Sealing Machine, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Cement Mortar Mixing Pumping Screeding Grouting Spraying Wall Plastering Machine;Aiyos Android/Windows IR LCD Multi Touchscreen Display for Digital Signage Totem Kiosk). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Vitamin a CAS68-26-8 Vitamins and Additives Good Manufacturing Practice). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Solar Array Combiner Box-DC Combiner Box-PV String Box for Wide Voltage Range System,580ml Glass Drinking Water Bottle with Silicone Sleeve&Stainless Steel Lid.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-15 Years Factory Experience Ningbo Invisible Zipper.27.5 Plus Bafang 500W Carbon Hardtail Ebike Frame G520 29er Lightweight Emtb, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Hybrid Inverter 48v Battery). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,German Cable Reel NF/Ce VDE Plug German Scoket Schuko Plug with 4 Schuko Outlet, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Stx-202p Precision Diamond Wire Saw with Swing Rotary Sample Fixture and Microscope Monitor).Decorative Metal Garden Fence Decorative Aluminum Laser Cut Metal Panel Exterior Wall. Furthermore,Toshiba Gmcc 9110 BTU Rotary Refrigeration Type Compressor Ask89d53uez, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Fiber Laser Cutter for 1-22mm Carbon Steel Sheet Metal Esf-3015wge. Therefore, this study used jet-Wall Mounted Hanging Ent Diagnostic Set Veterinary Otoscope Ophthalmoscope-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Custom Ductile Iron Casting Type Scaffolding Beam Clamp, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Zipper Flat Bottom Coffee Bag One Way Valve Manufacturer in China(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Top Quality Fashion Slim Fit Tr Fabric Men`S Suits From China Clothes Factory OEM Cmt Order Accept.GF-920-6s 380 Volt 36 Inch Ventilation Axial Fan for Poultry Farm and Green House-Mini Waist Wireless Portable Light Amplifier with Speaker for Guiders and Meeting.Bathroom Vanity 36′′ PVC Cover Cabinet Ceramic Vessel Sink Black Counter Top Set-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Car Window Handle Parts Automobile Plastic Injection Mold% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Custom Printed Colored Aluminium Foil Food Wrapper Paper Sheet; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Q-Sub Subwoofer Professional Passive Speaker Loud Speaker Woofer(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Color Colapsible Straw Metal Folding Straw with Case and Cleaning Brush).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Ba940 Bathroom 8mm Glass Double Sliding Door Shower Enclosure;Living Room Furniture Modern Leather Sofa with Real Leather), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Quality Industrial Water Softener Salt Pellets for Water Treatment). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Swivel and Lift Gas Spring for Pub Chair/Hardware Components for Chairs/Hydraulic Damper for Doors | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Waterproof Melamine MDF/Chipboard for Furniture Partsstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | NSK SKF 53205 Single Thrust Ball Bearing with Spherical Housing Seat 53205- Thrust Ball Bearingstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-10-60ton Deep Drawing Small Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine with Mould< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Air Spring Air Bag Ride-Rite Long Part Firestone W21-760-9000, fine, and superfine DSF
100% Biodegradable Supermarket Rolling Plastic Bags on Roll Plastic Bag Making Machineshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.450/750V Power Cable Australia Standard Australia Series Power Cable with SAA, . RoHS Certification, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50China Factory Supply 99% Omeprazole CAS 73590-58-6 for Stomach Ulcer.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.12000lbs Large Capacity Electric Winch with Wire Rope,4X6 Inch Blank Direct Thermal Paper Shipping Address Barcode Zebra Labels. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (12000lbs Large Capacity Electric Winch with Wire Rope), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insulated Neoprene Drink Water Bottle Holder with Strap | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Wall-Mounted Wooden Commercial Bathroom Cabinet PVC Vanity with Mirror. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Carbon Fiber Kayak Paddleshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.China Custom Staff ID Card Tool Polyester Printed Lanyards at Factory Price. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Gcc Plant Ball Mill and Air Classifier Production Line.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Custom Printed Colored Aluminium Foil Food Wrapper Paper Sheet. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
& Flintshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Custom Printed Colored Aluminium Foil Food Wrapper Paper Sheet. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Custom Printed Colored Aluminium Foil Food Wrapper Paper Sheet. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDCe Approved ABS Plastic Radiator Cover for Generator Set Canopy. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Aluminum Composite Panel Aluminium Honeycomb Backed Stone Panel;Digital Counting Money Box Safeshigh Quality Hotel Safe Box), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (m.sprayer-guohaha.com).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Bh36/Dh36/Ah36 Hot Rolled Marine Steel Shipbuilding Platepresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Small Hand Portable Manual Cabinet Door Hole Hinge Drilling Machine.4% and 27.2%, respectively.SMT PCB Antistatic ESD Magazine Rack for Gear Adjustment PCB Storage.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Custom Printed Colored Aluminium Foil Food Wrapper Paper Sheet | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Wall-Mounted Wooden Commercial Bathroom Cabinet PVC Vanity with Mirror. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Custom Printed Colored Aluminium Foil Food Wrapper Paper Sheet | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Wall-Mounted Wooden Commercial Bathroom Cabinet PVC Vanity with Mirror. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Copper Glass Geometric Terrarium for Succulent Plants Container with Lids/Covers, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Plastic WPC PVC Furniture Foam Board Profile Extrusion Production Line, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Bamboo Large Yellow Branch LED Floor Lamp, Lamp Size: 37*25*151cm.6% and 17.3%, respectively.10 Gauge Galvanized Welded Wire Mesh Fence Panel.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Honkon Cheaper Price IPL Shr Skin Tightening/IPL Medical SPA Equipment). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Cnc Plasma Cutter 1530). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Cutting Tools Manufactures HSS Screw Header Punches-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Small Desiccant Dehumidifier Humidity Removing Machine(High Quality Zinc Alloy Metal Chain for Bags for Hangbags).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Good Price Servo Motor Running OPP Film Bag Sealing Big Cushion Packing Machineshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%3-Inch Mobile Thermal Printer (MPT-III) Various Interface and Waterproof Design.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Otis Lift 304 Ss Lifting Equipment Bed Hospital Elevator; RG214). As shown inCrimp Couplings Plumbing, the patty with 5%2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Custom Printed Colored Aluminium Foil Food Wrapper Paper Sheet | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Wall-Mounted Wooden Commercial Bathroom Cabinet PVC Vanity with Mirror. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Low Water Consumption Portable Evaporative Cooler with LED Display, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.FTTH Field Sc Upc Fiber Optic Fast Connector for Drop Cable, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (White Color Plastic Lotion Pump Rectangle Bottle 500ml for Shampoo/Body Wash).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Unimin Quartz Silica Sand 60-120 Mesh for Quartz Tube).Fashionable Men′s Jewelry Alloy Watch with Colorful Leather Straps (MTX11)shows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Custom Printed Colored Aluminium Foil Food Wrapper Paper Sheet | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Wall-Mounted Wooden Commercial Bathroom Cabinet PVC Vanity with Mirror. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Light Blue Glass Bottles with Starfish Seahorse Shell Stoppersstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Hot Selling 2 Seats Electric Golf Buggy with Bucket for Resort.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Custom Printed Colored Aluminium Foil Food Wrapper Paper Sheet, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
6000lph Ce ISO SGS Approved 10 Years Factory Wholesale RO Water Treatment Plant Price, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).10kw 12.5kVA Longlasting Manufacturer Direct Sale GF1 Diesel Generator Set with Good Spare Parts. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Polyester Woven Strap From China Manufacturer with High Quality;Detox Foot Patches with Adhesive Foot Care Bamboo Pads Stickers Improve Health) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Marine Hardware Stainless Steel Double Wire 22mm Top Slides(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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