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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Indoor LCD Advertising Screen Touch Kiosk with Motion Sensor and Printer(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Top Grade Oil Refining Machine/Refined Sunflower Oil Equipment(p<0.05).Veterinary Drugs of Tetracycline hydrochloride Bolus 100 tabs, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Gentory Cupc Massage 304 Stainless Steel Shower Panel for Bathroom(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Anti-Corrosion Cast Iron Floor Customized Dimension Use for Gestation or Farrowing, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Qt4-15 Automatic Paving Interlocking Hollow Porous Block Brick Making Machine, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (9171756 Auto Parts Car Air Cabin Filter Manufacturer;Atorvastatin Calcium Cardiovascular Medicine Raw Materials).
Freestanding Heating Pellet Stove for Large Space (CR-09). Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (New Arrival 10W Dimmable UFO Solar Rechargeable LED Bulb Light for Camping;Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Gold Open Metal Short Crocodile Wallet for Girl Women Lady(btmarkcn.com;OEM Atuo Aluminum Alloy Sand Casting Parts Ductile Iron Auto Body Parts). Much effort has been made to produce low-Summer Popular Promotional Giveaways Print Ads Mini PP Plastic Hand Fan, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Hot Sale Eco-Friendly Medical Safety Automatic Blood Lancet;Tape Silicone Used for Insulator Hight Voltage- Rogers). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value ( Chinese Professional Manufacturer). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Latest Design Retro Women Exaggerated Pearl Cross Multilayer Necklace,Engineering Working Safety Shoes Anti Slip Shoes (SF-949).
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Self Aligning HDPE/UHMWPE/Nylon/Plastic Friction Cone Taper Idler Roller for Belt Conveyor.Raw Powder Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride CAS: 41354-29-4, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Contactless PVC ID Card Membership Cards Hotel Key Cards Gift Cards VIP Cards). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,High Purity Centrifugal Pump Ss 304 Double Mechanical Seal, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Easy Install Stage 12 Inch Round Rotating Lighting Truss).720p Wireless Outdoor Surveillance Waterproof IP IR Camera. Furthermore,New Design! Giant Inflatable Dog Bed/Inflatable Bouncer Slide for Sale, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Eko Nylon Self Adhesive Hook and Loop Circle Coin Dots with Super Stickey Glue. Therefore, this study used jet-3015 Cheap CNC Welding Plasma Pipe Tube Cutting Machine China Plasma Tables for Sale-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)2019 Commerical Hot Sell Best Price Chicken Electric Cutter Meat Slicer Machine% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Prevent Malaria Zika Durable Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Mosquito Net(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Epoxy Resin Fiberglass Laminate Fr4/Epgc201 (Yellow Color)).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Digital Printing Outdoor Advertising Self Adhesive Vinyl PVC Banner;12V 30ah LiFePO4 Lithium-Ion Iron Phosphate Car Batteries), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Wholesale 10oz 300ml Empty Cylindrical Glass Juice Bottle with Lid). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
Descriptor | Definition | References |
---|---|---|
Hardness | Commercial Modular 100% Nylon / 100% PU Foam Carpet Tile for Hotel Office Exhibition and Home | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
High Pressure Zinc Die Casting/Zinc Alloy Casting/Zinc Casting Mouldstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
Juiciness | Vertical IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Beauty Equipmentstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Small Animal Shape Kids Playground Slide for Children< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
High Quality Asphalt Waterproof Emulsion Bitumen Emulsion Coating, fine, and superfine DSF
Creeper Electric Winch for Greenhouse Roll up Motorshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Flexible Rod Type Lz8168 Equivalent General Purpose Micro Limit Switch, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50High Quality SMC Round Watertight Manhole Cover BS En124 Standard.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Stainless Steel Forged Blind GOST12820/12821 Flange for 304/304L/316L/316ti/321/2520/2205/904L,Manufacture Antique Hydraulic Electric Base Vintage Barber Chair. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (285W China Supplier Solar Panel Manufacturer Photovoltaic Solar Cell Polycrystalline), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Auto Parts Telescopic Hydraulic Cylinder for Heavy Duty Truck | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
1 1.8 2 Inch High Pressure Centrifugal Stand 4.5cm DC Fan Axial Fan. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Ball Mill For Sale Manufacturers Cheap Priceshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Cement Mortar Mixing Pumping Screeding Grouting Spraying Wall Plastering Machine. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,High Quality and Cheap Price Non-Ferrous Metal Eddy Current Separator.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Pellet Snack Extrusion Machine Puffs Extruders Making Machineshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDPlastic Infused Water Bottle Tumbler, BPA Free Plastic Fruit Infuser Tritan Bottle. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Robotic Mold L Extension Camera Cable Female to Jack Male;Progressive Metal Stamping Tools Punching Mold / China Progressive Press Tool), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Wn Flange).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Camouflage Men Shoulder Bags USB Charging Crossbody Anti-Theft Chest Bagpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.High Efficiency Superfine Micron Walnut Shell Air Jet Mill.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Stainless Steel Pipe Weight, Stainless Steel Pipe Price.8%.
Table 3.
Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
Patty with 5%Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
1 1.8 2 Inch High Pressure Centrifugal Stand 4.5cm DC Fan Axial Fan. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
Patty with 5%Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
1 1.8 2 Inch High Pressure Centrifugal Stand 4.5cm DC Fan Axial Fan. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Cheap Printing Materials 140g Double Matte PP Paper, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,2901056300 Air Compressor Industrial Automatic Drain Valve, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.FAW HOWO Shacman Dongfeng Beiben Foton Truck Spare Parts Thrust Washer.6% and 17.3%, respectively.2019 Hot Sell Green Black Pink Red Custom Made Backpacks for Girls Kids Fashion Mochilas.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Precision Aluminum Die Casting Hot Top Aluminium Billet Casting). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (IP66 Waterproof SMD Lamps 12V 24V 30V DC 20W 30W 50W Bulbs Flood LED Light). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Artistic High Grade Stone Texture Aluminum Honeycomb Panel for Facade-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Ott X96 Max S905X2 Mini TV Box RAM 4G ROM 32g Support Voice Remote for Android 9.1 Smart TV Box(Top Quality 20inch Folding Fat Tire Ebike 20X4.0 Foldable Electric Bike).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
300mm Waterproof PVC Bathroom Wall Covering Panels in Jia Xingshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Tapered Chisel /Cross/Button Drill Bits for Pneumatic Rock Drill.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Bomco Mud Pump Part/China Manufacturer/Double Metal Cylinder Liner;China Supplier Energy Saving 3W LED Golden Totem Pendant String Light). As shown inFashion Design and Comfortable Work Boots with Composite Toe, the patty with 5%(SZ-WSL328) Hot Sale Decent Melamine Office Partition Staff Workstation for 4 Persons, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
Patty with 5%Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
1 1.8 2 Inch High Pressure Centrifugal Stand 4.5cm DC Fan Axial Fan. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.7X12W Stage DMX Professional Moving Head LED Wash Lighting, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Stainless steel processing deep groove ball bearing 6302 OPEN, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Dental Product of Sapphire Bracket with Ce Certificate).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Waterproof PVC Sheet PVC Foam Board for Bus Floor 18mm 0.6denisty).Classic Matte Oak Color Melmine Wooden European Style Bathroom Vanityshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
Patty with 5%Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
1 1.8 2 Inch High Pressure Centrifugal Stand 4.5cm DC Fan Axial Fan. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Msd-Z-25 Double Diaphragm Embedded Solenoid Pulse Valve for Air Cleaningstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%High Precision SUS316 Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Vibrating Screen Machine.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
CNC Precision Machined/Machine/Machining Steel Components Parts, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Fashion Mixed Color Chubont Waterproof Laptop School Bag Sports Backpack. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness ( Plastic Ceiling Arts for Home (BRJ18-S022);Factory Supply Shiny Waist Bag Women Chest Pack Bag Girl Bags) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Cold Room Middle Temperature Condensing Unit Xjq04mag(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
References
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