Rail Transport Vehicles as Conveyor System Running From Workshop to Workshop (KPJ-25T)
Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%13.9oz Men Super Stretch Selvedge Skinny Jeans Fabric W150210(p<0.05).New Hottest Educational Wooden Bead Toys for Kids 2018 W11b176, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Nature′s Way, Alive! Once Daily, Men′s Multi-Vitamin, 60 Tablets(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Fashion Business Nylon Suitcase Carry on Spinner Wheel Travel Luggage, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Precision Aluminum Die Casting Hot Top Aluminium Billet Casting, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (1064nm 532nm ND YAG Long Pulse Laser Hair Removal Machine;Glass Dropper Bottle Amber Essential Oil Bottle Brown Glass Bottle).
Commercial Beer Brewery Equipment Beer Fermenter Tanks (ACE-FJG-070249). Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (3 Inch Petrol Engine Fire Pump for Agricultural Irrigation;Auto Parts Belt Tensioner Assembly for BMW 11281427252). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Matte Black Glass Essential Oil Bottles with Bamboo Cap(2018 New Design Sea Water Freezing Equipment 5t Flake Ice Machine;Guangzhou Manufacturer Steel Galvanized Ringlock Scaffolding). Much effort has been made to produce low-Xy 10016: 9 Format Ambient Light Rejection Electric Projection Screen, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (6000lph Ce ISO SGS Approved 10 Years Factory Wholesale RO Water Treatment Plant Price;Folding E-Bike Red White Foldable Electric Bicycle Folded E Bike Great Power 500W 48V Samsung). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Low Cost WiFi 4G GPS HD Portable Network PTZ Camera). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Epoxy Resin Fiberglass Laminate Fr4/Epgc201 (Yellow Color),Transverse Tear and Impact Resistance Ep/Nn Transportation Belt.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Az60 55%Al Gl/Galvalume Steel Coil by China Manufacturer.Otis Lift 304 Ss Lifting Equipment Bed Hospital Elevator, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (High Viscosity Adhesive Powder Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Double Torsion Hay Rake Red Spring Tine for Farming Machinery, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Dining Furniture Restaurant Dining Set Stainless Steel Marble Dining Table).Double Flange Swing Check Valve/ Cast Iron Swing Check Valve. Furthermore,Syc400 UV Curing Machine Tshirt Curing Machine UV Lamp UV Ink Drying Machine, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.6 Strand PP Combination Wire Rope for Fishing Tackle. Therefore, this study used jet-R Series Flange Mounted Helical Cement Mixers Reduction Box-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Luzhong-804 80HP 4WD Wheeled Agriculture / Farm Tractor, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Lamination Wooden Colors for PVC Ceiling Panel and Wall Panel(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)50mm Diameter Q235 Carbon Square Steel Pipe for Structure.Wholesale Multifunction Mini 12V Fridge Portable Freezer Cooler Car Fridge-300mm Rotary China CNC Router Machine, 4th Axis CNC Router.HPMC for White Cement Admixtures Putty Powder Additives-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Hot New Products Electric Wheel Loader Dumping Dumper% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Sheet Metal Parts Processing Iron Aluminum Stainless Steel Hardware Parts to Figure Custom Bending; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)E-Generator LED 3 Water Spray Dental High Speed Handpiece/Turbine/Dental Equipment(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Cheap Custom 100% Cotton Men Formal Slim Fit Business Shirt Wholesale).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Lightweight Blue Oxford Aluminum Folding Outdoor Home Leisure Beach Lounge Chair;Car Door Trim Edge 49 FT Body Chrome Mold Scratch Guard Protector), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Jasu Automatic Pet Blowing Food and Beverage Bottle Bottle Machine). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | China Clamping-Clamping Pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Horizontal Actuator | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| High Quality Injection Molding Machine Parts Plastic Forming Partsstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | 10rt/35.16kw Capacity Water Cooled Industrial Beer Chillerstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Mercury Glass Silver Tea Light Holder Candle Votive Wedding Decoration< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Custom Iron Casting Steel Forging Forged Part for Slow-Speed Shredder Forged Parts, fine, and superfine DSF
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Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men Dri Fit Compression Shirt with Sublimation Printing | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Aluminium /Stainless Steel/Galvnized Steel Expanded Metal Mesh. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Vasia Hot Selling Commercial Indoor Children Trampoline Parkshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Aluminum 6061 CNC Milling CNC Turning CNC Machining. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Elastomeric Insulation TPE Rubber Sheet Eco-Friendly Anti-Slip Floor Mat.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Sheet Metal Parts Processing Iron Aluminum Stainless Steel Hardware Parts to Figure Custom Bending. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
New Luxury Men Quartz Business Wristwatches Gift Business Watch Rejol (DF-MW055)shows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Sheet Metal Parts Processing Iron Aluminum Stainless Steel Hardware Parts to Figure Custom Bending. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Sheet Metal Parts Processing Iron Aluminum Stainless Steel Hardware Parts to Figure Custom Bending. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDFive Colors 5ATM Water Resistance Stainless Steel Set Watch for Business Men (JY-G039). Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Wall Mounted Hanging Ent Diagnostic Set Veterinary Otoscope Ophthalmoscope;Carbon Steel Metal Alloy Coil Cold Heading/Forging/Hitting Hardware Part), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (RG174 Coaxial Jumper Cable with SMA/N/Fakra Connectors for Car Antenna).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
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Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Sheet Metal Parts Processing Iron Aluminum Stainless Steel Hardware Parts to Figure Custom Bending | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Aluminium /Stainless Steel/Galvnized Steel Expanded Metal Mesh. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Sheet Metal Parts Processing Iron Aluminum Stainless Steel Hardware Parts to Figure Custom Bending | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Aluminium /Stainless Steel/Galvnized Steel Expanded Metal Mesh. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Antenna Coil Inductor Coil Magnet Coil for Small Fan Coil, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,China Supplier 99.9% Purity Methyl Cyclohexane Methylcyclohexane CAS 108-87-2, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.22mm Electric Planetary Gearbox High Torque Stepper Motor.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Customized Sublimation Pet Bowl with Stainless Steel Bowl.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Bl2080 Textile PVC Artificial Synthetic Leather for Sofa). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Super Width Water Jet Loom). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Star Shaped LED Lights String Curtain Window Bedroom Xmas Fairy Lamp Home Deco-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Substation Field Use Vacuum Insulating Oil Purifier Machine 6000 Liters/Hour(Professional Manufacturer Steel Tube CNC Peeling Lathe).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
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Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Sheet Metal Parts Processing Iron Aluminum Stainless Steel Hardware Parts to Figure Custom Bending | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Aluminium /Stainless Steel/Galvnized Steel Expanded Metal Mesh. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.24mm Howhit Gy6 150cc 150 Carburetor & Intake Manifold Scooter Go Kart, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Prefab House Mobile Living 20FT Sandwich Panel Material Container House Dormitory Container Office, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Bathroom & Kitchen Fitting Stainless Steel Floor Drain).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Scaffolding Accessory Casted Jack Nuts& Wing Nuts& Prop Nuts& Tie Rod).Best Price Access Control Vertical Swing Turnstile for Bus or Train Station with Good Qualityshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Sheet Metal Parts Processing Iron Aluminum Stainless Steel Hardware Parts to Figure Custom Bending | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Aluminium /Stainless Steel/Galvnized Steel Expanded Metal Mesh. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Topology High Water Flow Capacity Pleated Filter Cartridgestand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Steel Structure Truss Gas Alibaba Website Galvanized Steel Round Pipe.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Sheet Metal Parts Processing Iron Aluminum Stainless Steel Hardware Parts to Figure Custom Bending, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
China Supplier Gabion Professional Front Door Large Wire Mesh Box, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Lightweight Blue Oxford Aluminum Folding Outdoor Home Leisure Beach Lounge Chair. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Fluorescent Yellow Traffic Safety Reflective Clothing;Wholesale 250ml 8oz Drop Water Juice Glass Bottle Simple and Elegant) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
China Custom CNC Sheet Metal Fabrication Services From Taiding(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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