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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Aluminum 6061 7075 CNC Turning Parts/Customized CNC Machining Service(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Small Propane Gas Bottle Cylinder for Lab Sampling Use(p<0.05).Customized Mold Making Manufacturer Black Car Plastic Injection Parts, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,High Power Driving Type Concrete Power Trowel Machine(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Qk1313 CNC Centerless Lathe Machine Siemen CNC Pipe Threading, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Women′s Round-Neck Loose Short-Sleeve Cotton Pure-Color T-Shirt;Cement Mortar Mixing Pumping Screeding Grouting Spraying Wall Plastering Machine).
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Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Gorgeous White Crystal Full Diamond Inlaid Grand Event Tiara.Automatic Box Packing Machine for Food Box Packaging Line, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Professional 18V Cordless Rechargeable Battery Powered Brushless Impact Wrench). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Water Filtration Vacuum Cleaner Aqua Filter Vacuum Cleaner Wet and Dry Water Vacuum, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Polycarboxylate PCE Superplasticizer Water Reducing Plasticizing Admixture).Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels. Furthermore,Indoor Distrubution Loose Single-Mode Optical Fiber Duplex Patch Cord Cable, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.GPS Tracker with Mini Size and Real-Time Tracking (GT08-KW). Therefore, this study used jet-Koyo Water Sachet Filling and Sealing Machine Juice Pouch Filling and Sealing Machine-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)5.5 to 7.5kw AC Frequency Inverter for Motor AC Drive% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)2.54mm Pitch Female Header SMT Type a Series PCB Connector(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (100% Biodegradable Supermarket Rolling Plastic Bags on Roll Plastic Bag Making Machine).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (12000lbs Large Capacity Electric Winch with Wire Rope;PVC Coated Vinyl Tarpaulin Waterproof Anti UV Fabric), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Cx-DPG-107 Special Digital Pressure Gauge LCD Display (CX-DPG-107)). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | 2ton R Type Electric Wire Rope Hoist with Single Speed | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Dia. 17mm-130mm High Chrome Casting Iron Grinding Media Ball Used in Ball Millstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Teesstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-High Temperature Resistant 99.3% 99.7% Alumina Ceramic Beads< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Aluminium Fixed Glass Windows Small Hurricane Glass Curtain Wall, fine, and superfine DSF
& Flintshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Fatory Supply 4.3 Inch Mini Tablet PC Industrial Panel PC All-in-One Mini Computer, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50ASTM A421 4mm Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Automatic Hot Sell Strapper Machine (JDB-1300A-T),Low Cost Certificated Quality Aluminum Sheet 5083 Alloy. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Aluminum Composite Panel Aluminium Honeycomb Backed Stone Panel), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Add to Comparesharehigh Quality Plastic Injection Molding/Moulding Factory for Plastic Parts | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Made in China Hebei Design Baby Stroller, Baby Carriers. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Stainless Steel Material Custom Bowl Shape Trophy Award with Soft Enamel Logo (041)shows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Risense Automatic Touch Free/Touchless/ Brushless High Pressure Washer. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Custom Logo White Reversible Embroidery Cotton Bucket Hat Wholesale.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
New Concrete Concrete Mixer with Europe Technology for Blending All Concretes Jn1500shows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDFactory Direct Sale Real Sex Doll Male Masturbator with Big Fat Ass. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Wear Resistant Impact Carrying Idler/Roller Installed at The Belt Conveyor;Honkon Cheaper Price IPL Shr Skin Tightening/IPL Medical SPA Equipment), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (280 Colors Uv Led Gel Polish Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
High Quality Zinc Alloy Metal Chain for Bags for Hangbagspresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Mobile Scissor Lift Underground Car Lift/ Hydraulic Car Lift.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Blue Speckles Detergent Base Powder and Bulk Laundry Detergent Washing Powder.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Made in China Hebei Design Baby Stroller, Baby Carriers. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Made in China Hebei Design Baby Stroller, Baby Carriers. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Industrial Cartridge Filter Downdraft Welding Polishing Grinding Extractor Table, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Energy Serving UPVC and PVC Profile for Window and Door, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Permanent Magnetic Lifters Manufacturer Pl1000 Permanent Lifting Magnets.6% and 17.3%, respectively.China Manufacturer Competitive Price Chlorine Cylinder Valve.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat ( RG214). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Battery Cages For Layers For Nigerian). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Eo-Sterilized SMS Surgical Gown Knitted Cuff for Hospital/Medical-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Simple Tassel Earring Women Sterling 925 Silver Tassel Drop Earrings(Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
White Color Plastic Lotion Pump Rectangle Bottle 500ml for Shampoo/Body Washshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Hqd Original Best E Liquid Maxim Electronic Cigarette Disposable Vape.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Unimin Quartz Silica Sand 60-120 Mesh for Quartz Tube;Fashionable Men′s Jewelry Alloy Watch with Colorful Leather Straps (MTX11)). As shown inMicrowave Food Dryer Machine Fruit Vacuum Drying Oven Coffee Roaster, the patty with 5%Wireless Charging 1: 1 Air Pods Wireless Bluetooth Earphone for Apple Airpods, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Made in China Hebei Design Baby Stroller, Baby Carriers. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Tactical Laser Sight Green Laser Pointer Compact Aluminum Alloy, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Portable Lightweight Steel Plate Edge Planing Machine, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Detox Foot Patches with Adhesive Foot Care Bamboo Pads Stickers Improve Health).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Sheet Metal Fabrication).Concrete Pumps Mobile Polyethylene Stabolizer Outrigger Pads Spreader Plates Crane Matsshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Made in China Hebei Design Baby Stroller, Baby Carriers. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Rubber Shock Absorber for Pump and Electricity Generatorstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Worm Gear Operation Wafer Lined PCTFE Butterfly Valve.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
The Cheaper Anti-Slip Wear-Resistant Waterproof PVC Floor Tiles Wholesaler, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Blonde Human Hair Lace Frontal, Remy Human Hair Extension at Wholesale Price (Straight). The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Long Distance 13km Wireless 4G Lte WiFi Outdoor CPE with High Gain Antenna 13dBi;15 Years Factory Experience Ningbo Invisible Zipper) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Japanese Real Silicone Doll Love Dolls Sex Machine Toy Product(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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