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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Low Price China Factory Rubber Anti-Fatigue Rubber Mats(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Double Concave Spherical Lens, Curved Lens Moon, Gluing Ball Lens(p<0.05).IP67 Mc4 Solar Tinned Copper PV Connector with TUV UL PV Mc 4, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,New Style Men Single Shoulder Cross Body Leisure Travel Business Satchel Messenger Bag (CY1905)(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Synthetic Artificial Flocking Printed PU Leather for Sofa&Shoes, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Digital Counting Money Box Safeshigh Quality Hotel Safe Box, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Decorative Metal Garden Fence Decorative Aluminum Laser Cut Metal Panel Exterior Wall;Simple Design Smooth PU Leather Women Crossbody Shoulder Bag).
Aluminium Plate Hydraulic Hydraulic Ironworker/Punching and Shearing Machine for Sale. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (2mm Decorative Perforated Stainless Steel Metal Screen Sheet Doors Panels Best Price in Thailand;Full Suspension Bafang Ultra 1000W MID Drive Electric Bicycle 2017). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,High Sharpness 9 Inch Water Pump Fixing Pump Pliers(Composite Hose Crimping Machine From 1/4′′ to 12′′;Hotel Restaurant Leather Facial Tissue Paper Holder Napkin Box). Much effort has been made to produce low-Contemporary Outdoor Garden Furniture Leisure Lounge Aluminum Modular Sofa Set with Poly Wood Table, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Cheap Water Bottle PVC Heat Shrink Labels Label Sleeve Labels;Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Vertical Type Single Head Paste Filling Machine for Chili Sauce (GZA-1)). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Deep-Hole Screw Locking Robot/ Benchtop 4-Axis Screw Fastening Robot,Low Price 1.4501/S32760 Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Pipe.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Qt6-15b Automatic Interlocking Concrete Curbstone Brick Making Machine.Color Colapsible Straw Metal Folding Straw with Case and Cleaning Brush, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Vibratory Compactor). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Fluorescent Yellow Traffic Safety Reflective Clothing, Waterproof Fabric Reflective Safety, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Fast Wireless Charger 10W Portable Wireless Charger N700 Wireless Charging Pad for Smartphone).2.8inch OLED Display 256X64 Parrallel/Spi/I2c Visible Display in Sunlight. Furthermore,Sinotruk HOWO Trailer Tractor 371HP HOWO 6X4 Tractor Head Truck, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.China Supplier Energy Saving 3W LED Golden Totem Pendant String Light. Therefore, this study used jet-2017 Hot Sale Custom Design Football Soccer Medal with Glitter-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)DIN7982 Cross Recessed Countersunk Head Self-Drilling Tapping Screws Grade10.9% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Aiyos Android/Windows IR LCD Multi Touchscreen Display for Digital Signage Totem Kiosk; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Polycarboxylate PCE Superplasticizer Water Reducing Plasticizing Admixture(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Xtsky High Quatily Good Price Solar Lamp Air Filter 96591485).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (N52 NdFeB Block Magnet High Performance Magnetic Block Cube / Square Magnet for Industry;China Ginger Water Spray High Pressure Washing Machine), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Die Casting Aluminum Radiator Bimetal Radiator for Central Heating). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | 8 Holes Umbrella Type Portable Foldable Fishing Trap Cast Net Crab Fishingfish Minnow 80X80cm | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Long Distance 13km Wireless 4G Lte WiFi Outdoor CPE with High Gain Antenna 13dBistand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Kiosk/Booth/Toilet/Shop/Office/Coffie House/Living House Used Container Housestbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Durable Manual Cast Steel Flange Slide Gate Valve with Prices< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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Large Scale Heavy Duty Sand Cast Steel Iron Aluminum Casting for Coal Mine Machineryshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Custom Healong Sublimated Men′s Brief Shorts, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Lanhang Brand Rubber Pressed Mixing Machine with Ce Certification.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.5m Colorful ABS Case Alloy Shaft Measure Tape with Nylon Coated Double Printing Blade,30mm Extractor Cooling Fan 30X30X10 12V IP68 Cooling Tower Fan. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Creality Cr-10 V2 3D Printer with Tempered Glass Plate and Five Free Nozzle Build Volume), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cast Iron Wok or Stir Fry Skillet, 12-Inch, Flat Bottom for Stove Top Use | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Classic Matte Oak Color Melmine Wooden European Style Bathroom Vanity. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Gp Tailings Dewatering Screen Environmental Mining Recoveryshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Fuel Injector Nozzle F01r00m116 for Chery QQ 1.0 6711. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Customized ABS Case Autolock Steel Tape Measure with Rubber Cover.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Aiyos Android/Windows IR LCD Multi Touchscreen Display for Digital Signage Totem Kiosk. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Insulated Neoprene Drink Water Bottle Holder with Strapshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Aiyos Android/Windows IR LCD Multi Touchscreen Display for Digital Signage Totem Kiosk. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Aiyos Android/Windows IR LCD Multi Touchscreen Display for Digital Signage Totem Kiosk. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDWear Resistance 6000 Series Road Bike Alloy Rim H Son Aluminum Wheels Rims. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Induction Heating Machine for Vehicle Axle Annealing 100kw;Customized Auto Part Prototype / Prototyping /Rapid Prototype), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Customize Stainless Steel Stamping Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
ISO9001 China Supplier OEM High Quality Sheet Metal Fabricationpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Polyester Woven Strap From China Manufacturer with High Quality.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Aviation Silk Eye Mask with Logo Sleep Mask Inflight.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Aiyos Android/Windows IR LCD Multi Touchscreen Display for Digital Signage Totem Kiosk | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Classic Matte Oak Color Melmine Wooden European Style Bathroom Vanity. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Aiyos Android/Windows IR LCD Multi Touchscreen Display for Digital Signage Totem Kiosk | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Classic Matte Oak Color Melmine Wooden European Style Bathroom Vanity. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Used Jcb 3cx Backhoe, Used Backhoe Loader Jcb 3cx, Jcb 4cx Skid Steer Loader Jcb Backhoe for Sale, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Electronic Pulse Gas Stove Burner Igniter Transformer Parts, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Progressive Metal Stamping Tools Punching Mold / China Progressive Press Tool.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Customized Aluminum Profile Extrusion with CNC Machining (ISO9001: 2008).5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Hcvac Perfume Glass Bottle Metallization PVD Vacuum Coating Machine). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Oem/Odm Stir-Fry Steamer). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Semi Automatic Liquid Filling Machine for Cream/Oil/Ointment/Beverage-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Adjustable Neoprene Elbow Support with Silicone Elbow Brace(Price Laser Cutting Stainless Steel Plate From China).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Two Wheels Self Balance Electric Chariot Scooter Ninebot Mini PROshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Zhuoda Stainless Steel Screen Wire Mesh China Supply Amazon.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating ( Red;Hanging Suspended Aluminum Profile for LED Pendant Linear Light). As shown in6m 8m 10m Pagoda Gazebo Tent for Sale Philippines Trinida, the patty with 5%5 Years Warranty IP65 UFO LED High Bay Light 80W, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Aiyos Android/Windows IR LCD Multi Touchscreen Display for Digital Signage Totem Kiosk | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
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The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Giant Inflatable Fake Modular Fire Extinguisher, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Bohemia Clip Sunflower Earring Round Shape Pearl Rhinestone (ESG11638), springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (New Wireless Solar Power Bank 5000mAh 10000 mAh Cell Phone Charger).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Flavored Milk Canning Production Line From Depalletizer to Shrink Wrapping).China Manufacturer Competitive Price Chlorine Cylinder Valveshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Aiyos Android/Windows IR LCD Multi Touchscreen Display for Digital Signage Totem Kiosk | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Classic Matte Oak Color Melmine Wooden European Style Bathroom Vanity. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Factory Thick 90 Nylon 10 Spandex Interlock Knit Leggings Fabricstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Aiyos Android/Windows IR LCD Multi Touchscreen Display for Digital Signage Totem Kiosk, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Green&Health European Style Supermarket Commercial Fruit Open Display Refrigerator, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).DIN935 Hexagon Slotted Nut with White Zinc Plated Cr3+ M10. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Sct-19 19mm Inner Size for Split Core Current Sensor Use for USA Switchgear 50A/10mA 5000turns;Gas Heating Industrial Ironing Machine /Roller Ironing Machine for Hospital (YPA)) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Sjd1-3.5 Hydraulic Indoor and Outdoor Use Guide Rail Cargo Elevator(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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