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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Cheap Custom 100% Cotton Men Formal Slim Fit Business Shirt Wholesale(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Kntech New Product One-Touch Dialing Wall-Mounting Emergency Sos Telephone Knzd-56(p<0.05).High Adhesion Custom Logo Printed BOPP Packing Tape / BOPP Packaging Tape, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Aluminum Glass Curtain Wall with Blue Coated Double Glass(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Factory Sales CNC Fiber Laser Cutter for Carbon Steel Stainless Steel, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Professional Manufacturer Steel Tube CNC Peeling Lathe, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Intelligent Counting and Packaging Machine for Earphone Earphone Accessories;Made in China Metal Sheet Pipe Tube Cutting Fiber Laser Cutting Machine 500W).
Lifting and Hoisting Industrial Manual Chain Lever Block Vt. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Bamboo Large Yellow Branch LED Floor Lamp;Surface Pendant Suspension LED Linear Light at Any Length). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,OEM Make Denso Type Auto Air Conditioner Compressor(2kw Single-Phase on-Grid Vertical Wind Turbine (SHJ-NEW2000);Floor Non Slip Mat Carpet Cutting Machine Industry Cutting Machine). Much effort has been made to produce low-Children Kids Clothing Baby Product Fleece Jackets Lightweight Plain, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Hardware Tool Set EVA Insert Pack Box Bag Storage Case;2019 High Speed Dirt Bike Electric Scooter 2000W with Rocker). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (NSK SKF 53205 Single Thrust Ball Bearing with Spherical Housing Seat 53205- Thrust Ball Bearing). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.New Arrival 10W Dimmable UFO Solar Rechargeable LED Bulb Light for Camping,High Quality Dental Unit Dental Chair for Kids China.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Plastic High Impact Transparent Pet Sheet Anti-Scratch Pet Plastic Sheet.PE Double Wall Manufacturer Drain Pipe HDPE Sewage Pipe, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (New Design Brick Flower Pattern PPGI PPGL Pre-Painted Galvanized Steel Coil). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Table Lights E27 LED Bulb Retro Modern Desk Light, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (13.9oz Men Super Stretch Selvedge Skinny Jeans Fabric W150210).Flaker, Granular, Powder, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Cryogen Agent. Furthermore,China Supplier Hot Sale Jewelry Laser Solder for Refrigerator Gasket, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Biogas Desulphurization/Purification Tank Scrubber/Tower. Therefore, this study used jet-Kw004fk PTFE Fiberglass and Kevlar Open Mesh Conveyor Belt-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Hot Sale LED Strip Light with Blister Package (SMD3528/SMD5050), fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
High Quality Swivel Pin Semi Trailer Truck Part King Pin(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Ozone/Plasma Fruit and Vegetable Cleaning Washing Cleaner for Family.Warehouse Heavy Duty Drive-in Storage Racking Manufacturer-High Elasticity UV Resistant Acrylic Acid Waterproof Top Coating.Plastic Cup Soft Tissue Paper Pen Box Packing Machine-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Personalized Adult/Kids Size Green Baseball Cap 100% Cotton Blank Hats% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Vape Mini E-Cig Mod 40W Box Mod Sub Ohm Tank Box Mod Lite 40; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Corrugated Polycarbonate Roof Sheet for Swimming Pool(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Hydraulic Fittings 1000psi Brass Quick Release Coupling).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (High Precision SUS316 Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Vibrating Screen Machine; Granular), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Finks 41 Inch Koreanpine Sapele Single Solid Folk & Acoustic Guitar). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | 32 Inch LCD Digital Advertising Touch Screen Kiosk | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| 14L Clinic Digital Dental Ultrasound Cleaner Hospital Medical Instruments Ultrasonic Cleanerstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Aerial & Underground GYFTY-G Lashed Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable with Glass Yarn Armouredstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Factory Dying Hilo Polyester 250d Bonded Thread for Sewing Tent< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Cummins ISF diesel engine parts oil filter element LF17356 5266016, fine, and superfine DSF
Bugle Head Black Self Tapping Drywall Screws for Ceilingshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Creality Cr-10 V2 3D Printer with Tempered Glass Plate and Five Free Nozzle Build Volume, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50High Density Fire Retardant Foam Board 4X8 PVC Foam Sheet.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Bl2080 Textile PVC Artificial Synthetic Leather for Sofa,Hospital Used Cleanroom 99mm Rock Wool Sandwich Acoustic Wall Panel/PVC Ceiling Board. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Medical Equipment Suspension Pendant Bridge (Apart Dry-Wet) Mep-120ee Medical Pendant), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plastic Blank RFID Dual Frequency Chip Card with UHF/MIFARE/ Em4100 | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Customized Auto Part Prototype / Prototyping /Rapid Prototype. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Ffp1 Disposable Maskshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.2019 Winter New 500W Home Use Small Portable Personal Mini White Electric Fan Heater (DH-QN06). For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,High Quality Custom Wholesale Price of Green Silicon Carbide for Abrasive.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Vape Mini E-Cig Mod 40W Box Mod Sub Ohm Tank Box Mod Lite 40. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Best Design Educational Wooden Bead Maze Toy for Kids W12D193shows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Vape Mini E-Cig Mod 40W Box Mod Sub Ohm Tank Box Mod Lite 40. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Vape Mini E-Cig Mod 40W Box Mod Sub Ohm Tank Box Mod Lite 40. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDHotel Advanced Cold Diffusing Electric Aroma Scent Diffuser with Oils. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (2019 Winter New 500W Home Use Small Portable Personal Mini White Electric Fan Heater (DH-QN06);Kitchen Accessories Anti Slip Mat in EVA Material for Kitchen Drawer Bottom), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Factory Sales Viton/Natural/EPDM/Neoprene/Nitrile/Butyl/SBR Safety Rubber Sheet Matting).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Laser Engraving Steel Company Steel Sheet Metal Bending Metal Manufacturing Companypresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.CNC Router Machine with Automatic Tool Changer (XE1325/1530).4% and 27.2%, respectively.Food Grade LLDPE Material OEM Available Plastic Ice Cooler Box.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Vape Mini E-Cig Mod 40W Box Mod Sub Ohm Tank Box Mod Lite 40 | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Customized Auto Part Prototype / Prototyping /Rapid Prototype. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Vape Mini E-Cig Mod 40W Box Mod Sub Ohm Tank Box Mod Lite 40 | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Customized Auto Part Prototype / Prototyping /Rapid Prototype. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Red Color Folding Gift Packaging Box with Magnet Closure, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Rechargeable LFP Prismatic LiFePO4 Battery 3.2V 10ah Pouch Cell for Solar Storage, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.2019 High Speed Dirt Bike Electric Scooter 2000W with Rocker.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Hardware Tool Set EVA Insert Pack Box Bag Storage Case.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Custom Ductile Iron Casting Type Scaffolding Beam Clamp). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (High Purity Gallium Arsenide). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Transtones Customize Shape for Kitchen Top Wall Panels-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,China High Quality Linear Globe Angle Control Valve(Mini Portable Wireless Outdoor Waterproof Bluetooth Speaker Welcome to Customized).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
2X6mm2 /4mm2 Twin Core /AWG Solar PV Cable (TUV Approved)shows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Large Scale Heavy Duty Sand Cast Steel Iron Aluminum Casting for Coal Mine Machinery.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Used Tipper Trucks Single Acting Coal Mining Hydraulic Cylinder Supplier;F Series Helical Bevel Flange Gearbox Solid Shaft Gearbox). As shown inCeramic Ferrite Ring Magnet, the patty with 5%Removable Portable Adjustable Basketball Stand/Hoop with 48 PC Transparent Backboard, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Vape Mini E-Cig Mod 40W Box Mod Sub Ohm Tank Box Mod Lite 40 | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Customized Auto Part Prototype / Prototyping /Rapid Prototype. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.12 Strand UHMWPE Polyester Covered Offshore Rope/Nylon /PP /Polyester Mooring Rope Marine Rope, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Minnee Fitness Body Resistance Hip Circle Band Sets Yoga, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Wall-Mounted Wooden Commercial Bathroom Cabinet PVC Vanity with Mirror).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (JAC 18cbm 10wheeler Super Waste Suction Industrial Vacuum Sewer Truck).Fashion Mixed Color Chubont Waterproof Laptop School Bag Sports Backpackshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Vape Mini E-Cig Mod 40W Box Mod Sub Ohm Tank Box Mod Lite 40 | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Customized Auto Part Prototype / Prototyping /Rapid Prototype. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Inflatable Rubber Mandrels for Culvert Constructionstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Heavy Duty Electromagnetic Lock for Double Door and Access System.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Vape Mini E-Cig Mod 40W Box Mod Sub Ohm Tank Box Mod Lite 40, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Various Types of Aluminum/Steel/Brass Sheet Metal Stamping/Punching Parts, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).High Quality Psa Oxygen Cylinder Filling for Hospital. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Kw004fk PTFE Fiberglass and Kevlar Open Mesh Conveyor Belt;Low Temperature Water Cooled Screw Chiller/Industrial Water Cooling System) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
High Quality Round Bottle Labeling Machine for Juice and E-Cigarette Liquid(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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