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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Qk1313 CNC Centerless Lathe Machine Siemen CNC Pipe Threading(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Hf Vacuum Dryer Machine with Advanced High Frequency Technology(p<0.05).Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Soundproofing Foam Backed Vinyl 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Brick(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).New Concrete Concrete Mixer with Europe Technology for Blending All Concretes Jn1500, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (JAC 18cbm 10wheeler Super Waste Suction Industrial Vacuum Sewer Truck;Fashion Mixed Color Chubont Waterproof Laptop School Bag Sports Backpack).
Manufacturers Stainless Steel Sanitary Welded Concentric Reducer. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Kw004fk PTFE Fiberglass and Kevlar Open Mesh Conveyor Belt;Low Temperature Water Cooled Screw Chiller/Industrial Water Cooling System). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Gorgeous White Crystal Full Diamond Inlaid Grand Event Tiara(Australia Standards Laminated Veneer Lumber Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList;Colorful Children Dental Chair Unit High Quality Dental Equipment). Much effort has been made to produce low-Automatic Box Packing Machine for Food Box Packaging Line, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Full Feed Track Self-Propelled Type Combined Agricultural Harvester Farm Harvester;Different Size Candy Holder Scent Candle for Home Decor). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Liner Type Doy Pack Pouch Coffee Filling Machine). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Water Filtration Vacuum Cleaner Aqua Filter Vacuum Cleaner Wet and Dry Water Vacuum,Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Indoor Distrubution Loose Single-Mode Optical Fiber Duplex Patch Cord Cable.GPS Tracker with Mini Size and Real-Time Tracking (GT08-KW), as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Xnye3 Series Energy-Saving Ultra-Efficient Three-Phase Asynchronous Motor). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Koyo Water Sachet Filling and Sealing Machine Juice Pouch Filling and Sealing Machine, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Uniflex Used Hydraulic Hose Crimping Machine Germany Original Ninety Percent New Crimping Machine).Xtsky High Quatily Good Price Solar Lamp Air Filter 96591485. Furthermore,Jieshuai 3 in 1 USB Cable, Type C Cable, Suitable Apple iPhone and Android Charge, 2.4A USB Cable, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Concrete Pumps Mobile Polyethylene Stabolizer Outrigger Pads Spreader Plates Crane Mats. Therefore, this study used jet-LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W)-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Heatransfer Color Metal Iron Steel Security Door (W-S-125), fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Alloy Case Cheap Quartz Wrist Promotion Watch for Ladies (DC-999999)(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)5.5 to 7.5kw AC Frequency Inverter for Motor AC Drive.Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket-2.54mm Pitch Female Header SMT Type a Series PCB Connector.2ton R Type Electric Wire Rope Hoist with Single Speed-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Dia. 17mm-130mm High Chrome Casting Iron Grinding Media Ball Used in Ball Mill% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)High Temperature Resistant 99.3% 99.7% Alumina Ceramic Beads(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Hotel Use and Steel Material Poultry House for 10000 Chickens).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Metal Industry Electric Flat Rail Transfer Trailer Vehicle;Shanghai Factory Precision Injection Molding Industry Overmolding Nylon Plastic Parts), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Black Garlic Price). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Aluminium Fixed Glass Windows Small Hurricane Glass Curtain Wall | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Fatory Supply 4.3 Inch Mini Tablet PC Industrial Panel PC All-in-One Mini Computerstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | ASTM A421 4mm Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wirestbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Automatic Hot Sell Strapper Machine (JDB-1300A-T)< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Low Cost Certificated Quality Aluminum Sheet 5083 Alloy, fine, and superfine DSF
Energy Serving UPVC and PVC Profile for Window and Doorshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Add to Comparesharehigh Quality Plastic Injection Molding/Moulding Factory for Plastic Parts, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Made in China Hebei Design Baby Stroller, Baby Carriers.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Risense Automatic Touch Free/Touchless/ Brushless High Pressure Washer,Custom Logo White Reversible Embroidery Cotton Bucket Hat Wholesale. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Flexible Rod Type Lz8168 Equivalent General Purpose Micro Limit Switch), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Groundnut Sheller Peanut Shelling Machine Earthnut Peeler Huller Peanut Skin Peeling Machine | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Factory Direct Sale Real Sex Doll Male Masturbator with Big Fat Ass. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Purfume Bottle Glass Perfumeshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Mobile Scissor Lift Underground Car Lift/ Hydraulic Car Lift. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Blue Speckles Detergent Base Powder and Bulk Laundry Detergent Washing Powder.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Building Construction Materials PVC Foam Board for Advertising and Furnitureshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDEnergy Serving UPVC and PVC Profile for Window and Door. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (50Hz to 60Hz Variable Frequency Drive Solar Inverter;500mg/H Remote Control Home Ozone Machine Ozone Generator), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Customized Glazed Roof Tile Machine).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
8L 12V DC High Quality Home and Car Use Mini Beer Freezer Wine Cooler Bag Makeup Fridgepresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Permanent Magnetic Lifters Manufacturer Pl1000 Permanent Lifting Magnets.4% and 27.2%, respectively.China Manufacturer Competitive Price Chlorine Cylinder Valve.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Factory Direct Sale Real Sex Doll Male Masturbator with Big Fat Ass. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Factory Direct Sale Real Sex Doll Male Masturbator with Big Fat Ass. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Eo-Sterilized SMS Surgical Gown Knitted Cuff for Hospital/Medical, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Simple Tassel Earring Women Sterling 925 Silver Tassel Drop Earrings, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Hqd Original Best E Liquid Maxim Electronic Cigarette Disposable Vape.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Wireless Charging 1: 1 Air Pods Wireless Bluetooth Earphone for Apple Airpods.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (2017 Hot Sale Custom Design Football Soccer Medal with Glitter). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Pet Grooming Cleaning). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Tactical Laser Sight Green Laser Pointer Compact Aluminum Alloy-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Portable Lightweight Steel Plate Edge Planing Machine(Under Cabinet Mounted Bamboo Wine Glass Drying Organizer Rack Shelf (6-glass)).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Wardrobe Closet Soft Close Pull out Jewelry Tray (A007)shows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Rubber Shock Absorber for Pump and Electricity Generator.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Hot Sale Outdoor Garden Swimming Pool Dining Room Furniture Table Set;250A 3 Pole Load Disconnect Switch AC/DC Main Isolator). As shown in380v Industrial Vacuum Cleaner, the patty with 5%Worm Gear Operation Wafer Lined PCTFE Butterfly Valve, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Factory Direct Sale Real Sex Doll Male Masturbator with Big Fat Ass. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.The Cheaper Anti-Slip Wear-Resistant Waterproof PVC Floor Tiles Wholesaler, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Blonde Human Hair Lace Frontal, Remy Human Hair Extension at Wholesale Price (Straight), springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Small Propane Gas Bottle Cylinder for Lab Sampling Use).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Garment Accessories Heart Reversible Sequin Designs Embroidery Patches).Three Colours Nylon Printing Machine for Indutrial Useshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Factory Direct Sale Real Sex Doll Male Masturbator with Big Fat Ass. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Japanese Real Silicone Doll Love Dolls Sex Machine Toy Productstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Medium Duty Shelving Supported Metal Decking Mezzanine.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Linear Single & Multi Axis Robot for Automatic Equipment, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Wholesale HRC45 Tungsten Carbide Taper Ball Nose End Mill. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Professional Indoor Fold Adjustable Height Spring Assisted Basketball Hoop;Vehicle Reversing Camera with 7 Wireless Rear View System for Flexible Install) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Biogas Purification System for Carbon Dioxide Removal(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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